Siemens SITRANS LR560 Operating Instructions Manual page 160
Radar transmitters
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dielectric constant is directly proportional to an increase in signal amplitude. The value is
usually given relative to a vacuum /dry air: the dielectric constant of air is 1.
echo: a signal reflected with sufficient magnitude and delay to be perceived as a signal distinct
from that are directly transmitted. Echoes are frequently measured in decibels relative to
the directly transmitted signal.
Echo confidence: describes the quality of an echo. Higher values represent higher quality.
Echo threshold defines the minimum value required for an echo to be accepted as valid
and evaluated.
Echo Lock Window: a window centered on an echo in order to locate and display the echo's
position and true reading. Echoes outside the window are not immediately processed.
Echo Marker: a marker that points to the processed echo.
Echo Processing: the process by which the radar unit determines echoes.
Echo Strength: describes the strength of the selected echo in dB referred to 1 mV rms.
Echo Profile: a graphical display of a processed echo.
false echo: any echo which is not the echo from the desired target. Generally, false echoes are
created by vessel obstructions.
FMCW: FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar transmits a continuous wave.
The frequency of the wave is constantly increasing: this is known as the sweep. By the
time the first part of the wave has been reflected off the target and returned to the device,
the part of the wave that is just being emitted is at a higher frequency. The difference in
frequency between the transmitted and received signals is proportional to time of flight.
frequency: the number of periods occurring per unit time. Frequency may be stated in cycles
per second.
Hertz (Hz): unit of frequency, one cycle per second. 1 Gigahertz (GHz) is equal to 10
HART: Highway Addressable Remote Transducer. An open communication protocol used to
address field instruments.
inductance: the property of an electric circuit by virtue of which a varying current induces an
electromotive force in that circuit or in a neighboring circuit. The unit is a Henry.
lens antenna: an antenna consisting of a radiator and a microwave lens to enhance the
antenna gain. It is similar to an optical lens used to straighten spherical wave fronts.
microwaves: the term for the electromagnetic frequencies occupying the portion of the radio
frequency spectrum from 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
multiple echoes: secondary echoes that appear as double, triple, or quadruple echoes in the
distance from the target echo.
Near Blanking: see Blanking
nozzle: a length of pipe mounted onto a vessel that supports the flange.
Page 154
SITRANS LR560 (mA/HART) – OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
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