Page 1 Grid Solutions MiCOM P40 Agile P24DM, P24NM Technical Manual Motor Protection IED Hardware Version: A Software Version: 62 Publication Reference: P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter Overview Foreword Target Audience Typographical Conventions Nomenclature Compliance Product Scope Ordering Options Features and Functions Protection Functions Control Functions Measurement Functions Communication Functions Logic Diagrams Functional Overview Chapter 2 Safety Information Chapter Overview Health and Safety Symbols Installation, Commissioning and Servicing Lifting Hazards...
Page 4 Contents P24xM 20TE Front Panel 30TE Front Panel 40TE Front Panel Keypad Liquid Crystal Display USB Port Fixed Function LEDs Function Keys Programable LEDs Chapter 4 Software Design Chapter Overview Software Design Overview System Level Software Real Time Operating System System Services Software Self-Diagnostic Software Startup Self-Testing...
Page 5 P24xM Contents Settings Group Selection Chapter 6 Current Protection Functions Chapter Overview Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Replica Thermal Trip User programmable curve for thermal overload protection Application Notes 2.5.1 Thermal Overload Setting Guidelines Overcurrent Protection Principles IDMT Characteristics 3.1.1 IEC 60255 IDMT Curves 3.1.2...
Page 6 Contents P24xM EPATR B Curve Directional Element 8.4.1 Wattmetric Characteristic 8.4.2 Icos phi / Isin phi characteristic 8.4.3 Directional SEF Logic Application Notes 8.5.1 Insulated Systems 8.5.2 Setting Guidelines (Insulated Systems) Cold Load Pickup Implementation CLP Logic Application Notes 9.3.1 CLP for Resistive Loads 9.3.2 CLP for Motor Feeders...
Page 7 P24xM Contents Restricted Earth Fault Types 2.1.1 Low Impedance Bias Characteristic 2.1.2 High Impedance REF Principle Restricted Earth Fault Protection Implementation Restricted Earth Fault Protection Settings Low Impedance REF 3.2.1 Setting the Bias Characteristic 3.2.2 Delayed Bias High Impedance REF 3.3.1 High Impedance REF Calculation Principles Application Notes...
Page 8 Contents P24xM Undervoltage Protection Undervoltage Protection Implementation Undervoltage Protection Logic Application Notes 2.3.1 Undervoltage Protection Overvoltage Protection Overvoltage Protection Implementation Overvoltage Protection Logic Application Notes 3.3.1 Overvoltage Setting Guidelines Residual Overvoltage Protection Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation Residual Overvoltage Logic Application Notes 4.3.1 Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems 4.3.2...
Page 9 P24xM Contents Frequency-supervised R.O.C.O.F Implementation Frequency-supervised R.O.C.O.F Logic Application Notes 6.3.1 Frequency-Supervised R.O.C.O.F Example 6.3.2 Setting Guidelines Average Rate of Change of Frequency Protection Average R.O.C.O.F Protection Implementation Average R.O.C.O.F Logic Application Notes 7.3.1 Setting Guidelines Chapter 12 Power Protection Functions Chapter Overview Reverse Power Protection Reverse Power Implementation...
Page 10 Contents P24xM Pole Dead Logic System Checks System Checks Implementation 9.1.1 VT Connections 9.1.2 Voltage Monitoring Switch Status and Control 10.1 Switch Status Logic 10.2 Switch Control Logic Chapter 14 Supervision Chapter Overview DC Supply Monitor DC Supply Monitor Implementation DC Supply Monitor Logic Voltage Transformer Supervision Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages...
Page 11 P24xM Contents Chapter 16 Communications Chapter Overview Communication Interfaces Serial Communication Universal Serial Bus EIA(RS)485 Bus 3.2.1 EIA(RS)485 Biasing Requirements K-Bus Standard Ethernet Communication Redundant Ethernet Communication Supported Protocols Parallel Redundancy Protocol High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) 5.3.1 HSR Multicast Topology 5.3.2 HSR Unicast Topology 5.3.3...
Page 12 Contents P24xM 6.4.5 Event Extraction 6.4.6 Disturbance Record Extraction 6.4.7 Setting Changes 6.4.8 Password Protection 6.4.9 Protection and Disturbance Recorder Settings 6.4.10 Time Synchronisation 6.4.11 Power and Energy Measurement Data Formats 6.4.12 MODBUS Configuration IEC 61850 6.5.1 Benefits of IEC 61850 6.5.2 IEC 61850 Interoperability 6.5.3...
Page 13 P24xM Contents 4.4.1 Entry of the Recovery Password 4.4.2 Password Encryption Disabling Physical Ports Disabling Logical Ports Security Events Management Logging Out Chapter 18 Installation Chapter Overview Handling the Goods Receipt of the Goods Unpacking the Goods Storing the Goods Dismantling the Goods Mounting the Device Flush Panel Mounting...
Page 14 Contents P24xM 5.1.2 Insulation 5.1.3 External Wiring 5.1.4 Watchdog Contacts 5.1.5 Power Supply Product Checks with the IED Energised 5.2.1 Watchdog Contacts 5.2.2 Test LCD 5.2.3 Date and Time 5.2.4 Test LEDs 5.2.5 Test Alarm and Out-of-Service LEDs 5.2.6 Test Trip LED 5.2.7 Test User-programmable LEDs 5.2.8...
Page 15 P24xM Contents Repair and Modification Procedure Chapter 21 Technical Specifications Chapter Overview Interfaces Front USB Port Rear Serial Port 1 Rear Serial Port 2 IRIG-B Port Rear Ethernet Port Copper Rear Ethernet Port - Fibre 2.6.1 100 Base FX Receiver Characteristics 2.6.2 100 Base FX Transmitter Characteristics Performance of Current Protection Functions...
Page 16 Contents P24xM Regulatory Compliance EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU UL/CUL Compliance ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU Mechanical Specifications 10.1 Physical Parameters 10.2 Enclosure Protection 10.3 Mechanical Robustness 10.4 Transit Packaging Performance Ratings 11.1 AC Measuring Inputs 11.2 Current Transformer Inputs 11.3 Voltage Transformer Inputs Power Supply...
Page 17 P24xM Contents Appendix C Wiring Diagrams P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 18 Contents P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 19 Table of Figures Figure 1: Key to logic diagrams Figure 2: Functional Overview (P24DM) Figure 3: Hardware design overview Figure 4: Exploded view of IED Figure 5: 20TE rear panel Figure 6: 30TE Three-MIDOS block rear panel Figure 7: 30TE Two-MIDOS block + communications rear panel...
Page 20 Table of Figures P24xM Figure 39: Directional angles Figure 40: *Directional Earth Fault logic with negative sequence polarisation (single stage) Figure 41: Current level (amps) at which transient faults are self-extinguishing Figure 42: Earth fault in Petersen Coil earthed system Figure 43: Distribution of currents during a Phase C fault Figure 44:...
Page 21 P24xM Table of Figures Figure 78: Automatic restart failed- voltage restored after the set time Figure 79: Start inhibition example 1 Figure 80: Start inhibition example 2 Figure 81: Time between starts Figure 82: 3 phase VTs and Anti-Backspin (remanent phase-phase) VT configuration Figure 83: REF protection for delta connected winding Figure 84:...
Page 22 Table of Figures P24xM Figure 118: Average rate of change of frequency characteristic Figure 119: Average rate of change of frequency logic (single stage) Figure 120: Fault recorder stop conditions Figure 121: CB State Monitoring logic Figure 122: Hotkey menu navigation Figure 123: Default function key PSL Figure 124:...
Page 23 P24xM Table of Figures Figure 158: Data model layers in IEC61850 Figure 159: GPS Satellite timing signal Figure 160: Default display navigation Figure 161: Rack mounting of products Figure 162: MiDOS terminal block Figure 163: Earth link for cable screen Figure 164: 20TE case dimensions Figure 165:...
Page 24 Table of Figures P24xM xxii P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 25: Chapter 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...
Page 26: Rear Serial Port
Chapter 1 - Introduction P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 27: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 1 - Introduction CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides some general information about the technical manual and an introduction to the device(s) described in this technical manual. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Foreword Product Scope Features and Functions Logic Diagrams Functional Overview P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 28: Foreword
P24xM FOREWORD This technical manual provides a functional and technical description of General Electric's P24DM, P24NM, as well as a comprehensive set of instructions for using the device. The level at which this manual is written assumes that you are already familiar with protection engineering and have experience in this discipline. The description of principles and theory is limited to that which is necessary to understand the product.
Page 29: Nomenclature
P24xM Chapter 1 - Introduction NOMENCLATURE Due to the technical nature of this manual, many special terms, abbreviations and acronyms are used throughout the manual. Some of these terms are well-known industry-specific terms while others may be special product- specific terms used by General Electric. The first instance of any acronym or term used in a particular chapter is explained.
Page 30: Product Scope
In addition to the protection features, the devices include a comprehensive range of other features and measurements and recording facilities to aid with power system diagnosis and fault analysis. There are two different P24xM models: P24NM and P24DM. The P24NM is a basic motor protection device with current input only ●...
Page 31: Features And Functions
Chapter 1 - Introduction FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS PROTECTION FUNCTIONS The P24xM models offer the following protection functions: ANSI IEC 61850 Protection Function P24NM P24DM OcpPTOC Definite time overcurrent protection 6 stages 6 stages Neutral/earth definite time overcurrent protection EfdPTOC 4 stages...
Page 32: Control Functions
Chapter 1 - Introduction P24xM ANSI IEC 61850 Protection Function P24NM P24DM Switch status control Speed switch input TVTR VT supervision CT supervision DC supply monitoring CB condition monitoring Setting groups CONTROL FUNCTIONS Feature IEC 61850 ANSI Power-up diagnostics and continuous self-monitoring...
Page 33: Communication Functions
P24xM Chapter 1 - Introduction Measurement Function Details Time Stamping of Opto-inputs COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS The device offers the following communication functions: Communication Function Details Local HMI Multi-language HMI (English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian) Front port 1st rear port RS485 or IRIG-B 2nd rear port (optional) RS485 or IRIG-B or single channel Ethernet or dual redundant Ethernet...
Page 34: Logic Diagrams
Chapter 1 - Introduction P24xM LOGIC DIAGRAMS This technical manual contains many logic diagrams, which should help to explain the functionality of the device. Although this manual has been designed to be as specific as possible to the chosen product, it may contain diagrams, which have elements applicable to other products.
Page 35: Figure 1: Key To Logic Diagrams
P24xM Chapter 1 - Introduction Key: Energising Quantity AND gate & Internal Signal OR gate DDB Signal XOR gate Internal function NOT gate Setting cell Logic 0 Setting value Timer Hardcoded setting Pulse / Latch Measurement Cell SR Latch Internal Calculation SR Latch Reset Dominant Derived setting...
Page 36: Functional Overview
CB Monitoring CB Monitoring Measurements Disturbance DC Supervision DC Supervision records Fault records Opto- Relay Local Self Monitoring Self Monitoring IRIG-B Ethernet RS485 inputs outputs Event records Trip Circuit Supervision Trip Circuit Supervision V00072 Figure 2: Functional Overview (P24DM) P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 37: Chapter 2 Safety Information
CHAPTER 2 SAFETY INFORMATION...
Page 38 Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 39: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides information about the safe handling of the equipment. The equipment must be properly installed and handled in order to maintain it in a safe condition and to keep personnel safe at all times. You must be familiar with information contained in this chapter before unpacking, installing, commissioning, or servicing the equipment.
Page 40: Health And Safety
Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM HEALTH AND SAFETY Personnel associated with the equipment must be familiar with the contents of this Safety Information. When electrical equipment is in operation, dangerous voltages are present in certain parts of the equipment. Improper use of the equipment and failure to observe warning notices will endanger personnel.
Page 41: Symbols
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information SYMBOLS Throughout this manual you will come across the following symbols. You will also see these symbols on parts of the equipment. Caution: Refer to equipment documentation. Failure to do so could result in damage to the equipment Warning: Risk of electric shock...
Page 42: Installation, Commissioning And Servicing
Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING AND SERVICING LIFTING HAZARDS Many injuries are caused by: Lifting heavy objects ● Lifting things incorrectly ● ● Pushing or pulling heavy objects Using the same muscles repetitively ● Plan carefully, identify any possible hazards and determine how best to move the product. Look at other ways of moving the load to avoid manual handling.
Page 43: Ul/Csa/Cul Requirements
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information Warning: NEVER look into optical fibres or optical output connections. Always use optical power meters to determine operation or signal level. Warning: Testing may leave capacitors charged to dangerous voltage levels. Discharge capacitors by reducing test voltages to zero before disconnecting test leads. Caution: Operate the equipment within the specified electrical and environmental limits.
Page 44: Equipment Connections
Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM Caution: Digital input circuits should be protected by a high rupture capacity NIT or TIA fuse with maximum rating of 16 A. for safety reasons, current transformer circuits must never be fused. Other circuits should be appropriately fused to protect the wire used. Caution: CTs must NOT be fused since open circuiting them may produce lethal hazardous voltages...
Page 45: Pre-Energisation Checklist
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information Caution: Use a locknut or similar mechanism to ensure the integrity of stud-connected PCTs. Caution: The recommended minimum PCT wire size is 2.5 mm² for countries whose mains supply is 230 V (e.g. Europe) and 3.3 mm² for countries whose mains supply is 110 V (e.g. North America).
Page 46 Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM Note: For most General Electric equipment with ring-terminal connections, the threaded terminal block for current transformer termination is automatically shorted if the module is removed. Therefore external shorting of the CTs may not be required. Check the equipment documentation and wiring diagrams first to see if this applies.
Page 47: Upgrading/Servicing
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information UPGRADING/SERVICING Warning: Do not insert or withdraw modules, PCBs or expansion boards from the equipment while energised, as this may result in damage to the equipment. Hazardous live voltages would also be exposed, endangering personnel. Caution: Internal modules and assemblies can be heavy and may have sharp edges.
Page 48: Decommissioning And Disposal
Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM DECOMMISSIONING AND DISPOSAL Caution: Before decommissioning, completely isolate the equipment power supplies (both poles of any dc supply). The auxiliary supply input may have capacitors in parallel, which may still be charged. To avoid electric shock, discharge the capacitors using the external terminals before decommissioning.
Page 49: Regulatory Compliance
P24xM Chapter 2 - Safety Information REGULATORY COMPLIANCE Compliance with the European Commission Directive on EMC and LVD is demonstrated using a technical file. EMC COMPLIANCE: 2014/30/EU The product specific Declaration of Conformity (DoC) lists the relevant harmonised standard(s) or conformity assessment used to demonstrate compliance with the EMC directive.
Page 50 Chapter 2 - Safety Information P24xM 'II' Equipment Group: Industrial. '(2)G' High protection equipment category, for control of equipment in gas atmospheres in Zone 1 and 2. This equipment (with parentheses marking around the zone number) is not itself suitable for operation within a potentially explosive atmosphere.
Page 51: Chapter 3 Hardware Design
CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DESIGN...
Page 52 Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 53: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides information about the product's hardware design. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Hardware Architecture Mechanical Implementation Terminal Connections Front Panel P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 54: Hardware Architecture
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE The main components comprising devices based on the P40Agile platform are as follows: The housing, consisting of a front panel and connections at the rear ● The Main processor module consisting of the main CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory and an interface ●...
Page 55 P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design Flash memory is non-volatile and therefore no backup battery is required. A dedicated Supercapacitor keeps the on board real time clock operational for up to four days after power down. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 56: Mechanical Implementation
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM MECHANICAL IMPLEMENTATION All products based on the P40Agile platform have common hardware architecture. The hardware comprises two main parts; the cradle and the housing. The cradle consists of the front panel which is attached to a carrier board into which all of the hardware boards and modules are connected.
Page 57: 20Te Rear Panel
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design Case width (TE) Case width (mm) Equivalent K series 20TE 102.4 mm (4 inches) KCGG140/142 30TE 154.2 mm (6 inches) KCEG140/142 40TE 203.2 mm (8 inches) KCEG140/142 20TE REAR PANEL The 20TE rear panel consists of two MIDOS heavy duty terminal blocks. Figure 5: 20TE rear panel 30TE REAR PANEL The 30TE rear panel consists of either:...
Page 58: Figure 6: 30Te Three-Midos Block Rear Panel
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM Figure 6: 30TE Three-MIDOS block rear panel Figure 7: 30TE Two-MIDOS block + communications rear panel P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 59: 40Te Rear Panel
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design Figure 8: 30TE Two-MIDOS block + blanking plate 40TE REAR PANEL The 40TE rear panel consists of: Three MIDOS heavy duty terminal blocks and a communication board ● Figure 9: 40TE Three-MIDOS block + communications rear panel P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 60: Terminal Connections
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM TERMINAL CONNECTIONS I/O OPTIONS Component I/O option A I/O option B I/O option C I/O option D I/O option E I/O option F I/O option G I/O option H I/O option J (1 group of 3 (2 groups of (1 group of 3, (1 group of 3...
Page 61: Front Panel
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design FRONT PANEL 20TE FRONT PANEL Figure 10: Front panel (20TE) The figures show the front panels for the 20TE variant. It consists of: LCD display ● Keypad ● ● USB port 4 x fixed function tri-colour LEDs ●...
Page 62: 30Te Front Panel
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM 30TE FRONT PANEL Figure 11: Front panel (30TE) The figures show the front panels for the 30TE variant. It consists of: LCD display ● Keypad ● ● USB port 4 x fixed function tri-colour LEDs ●...
Page 63: 40Te Front Panel
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design 40TE FRONT PANEL Figure 12: Front panel (40TE) The figure shows the front panel for the 40TE variant. It consists of: ● LCD display Keypad ● USB port ● 4 x fixed function tri-colour LEDs ●...
Page 64: Liquid Crystal Display
Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM A clear key for clearing the last command A read key for viewing larger blocks of text (arrow keys now used for scrolling) 2 hot keys for scrolling through the default display and for control of setting groups.
Page 65: Fixed Function Leds
P24xM Chapter 3 - Hardware Design FIXED FUNCTION LEDS Four fixed-function LEDs on the left-hand side of the front panel indicate the following conditions. Trip (Red) switches ON when the IED issues a trip signal. It is reset when the associated fault record is ●...
Page 66 Chapter 3 - Hardware Design P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 67: Chapter 4 Software Design
CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE DESIGN...
Page 68 Chapter 4 - Software Design P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 69: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 4 - Software Design CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter describes the software design of the IED. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Software Design Overview System Level Software Platform Software Protection and Control Functions P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 70: Software Design Overview
Chapter 4 - Software Design P24xM SOFTWARE DESIGN OVERVIEW The range of products based on the <platform> platform can be conceptually categorised into several elements as follows: The system level software ● The platform software ● The protection and control software ●...
Page 71: System Level Software
P24xM Chapter 4 - Software Design SYSTEM LEVEL SOFTWARE REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM The real-time operating system is used to schedule the processing of the various tasks. This ensures that they are processed in the time available and in the desired order of priority. The operating system also plays a part in controlling the communication between the software tasks.
Page 72: System Level Software Initialisation
Chapter 4 - Software Design P24xM 3.4.2 SYSTEM LEVEL SOFTWARE INITIALISATION The initialization process initializes the processor registers and interrupts, starts the watchdog timers (used by the hardware to determine whether the software is still running), starts the real-time operating system and creates and starts the supervisor task.
Page 73: Platform Software
P24xM Chapter 4 - Software Design PLATFORM SOFTWARE The platform software has three main functions: To control the logging of records generated by the protection software, including alarms, events, faults, and ● maintenance records To store and maintain a database of all of the settings in non-volatile memory ●...
Page 74: Protection And Control Functions
Chapter 4 - Software Design P24xM PROTECTION AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS The protection and control software processes all of the protection elements and measurement functions. To achieve this it has to communicate with the system services software, the platform software as well as organise its own operations.
Page 75: Programmable Scheme Logic
P24xM Chapter 4 - Software Design ´ (fundamental frequency)/2 (samples per cycle) At 24 samples per cycle, this would be nominally 600 Hz for a 50 Hz system, or 720 Hz for a 60 Hz system. The following figure shows the nominal frequency response of the anti-alias filter and the Fourier filter for a 24- sample single cycle fourier algorithm acting on the fundamental component: Ideal anti-alias filter response Fourier response without...
Page 76: Disturbance Recorder
Chapter 4 - Software Design P24xM Maintenance records are created in a similar manner, with the supervisor task instructing the platform software to log a record when it receives a maintenance record message. However, it is possible that a maintenance record may be triggered by a fatal error in the relay in which case it may not be possible to successfully store a maintenance record, depending on the nature of the problem.
Page 77: Chapter 5 Configuration
CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION...
Page 78 Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 79: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration CHAPTER OVERVIEW Each product has different configuration parameters according to the functions it has been designed to perform. There is, however, a common methodology used across the entire product series to set these parameters. Some of the communications setup can only be carried out using the HMI, and cannot be carried out using settings applications software.
Page 80: Settings Application Software
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM SETTINGS APPLICATION SOFTWARE To configure this device you will need to use the Settings Application Software. The settings application software used in this range of IEDs is called MiCOM S1 Agile. It is a collection of software tools, which is used for setting up and managing the IEDs.
Page 81: Using The Hmi Panel
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration USING THE HMI PANEL Using the HMI, you can: Display and modify settings ● View the digital I/O signal status ● ● Display measurements Display fault records ● Reset fault and alarm indications ● The keypad provides full access to the device functionality using a range of menu options. The information is displayed on the LCD.
Page 82: Navigating The Hmi Panel
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM NAVIGATING THE HMI PANEL The cursor keys are used to navigate the menus. These keys have an auto-repeat function if held down continuously. This can be used to speed up both setting value changes and menu navigation. The longer the key is held pressed, the faster the rate of change or movement.
Page 83: Default Display
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration Even though the device itself should be in full working order when you first start it, an alarm could still be present, for example, if there is no network connection for a device fitted with a network card. If this is the case, you can read the alarm by pressing the 'Read' key.
Page 84: Default Display Navigation
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM Plant Reference MiCOM HOTKEY Access Level For example: Access Level HOTKEY In addition to the above, there are also displays for the system voltages, currents, power and frequency etc., depending on the device model. DEFAULT DISPLAY NAVIGATION The following diagram is an example of the default display navigation.
Page 85: Password Entry
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration DISPLAY NOT NERC COMPLIANT. OK? You will have to confirm with the Enter button before you can go any further. Note: Whenever the IED has an uncleared alarm the default display is replaced by the text Alarms/ Faults present. You cannot override this default display.
Page 86: Processing Alarms And Records
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM PROCESSING ALARMS AND RECORDS If there are any alarm messages, they will appear on the default display and the yellow alarm LED flashes. The alarm messages can either be self-resetting or latched. If they are latched, they must be cleared manually. To view the alarm messages, press the Read key.
Page 87: Changing The Settings
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration It is convenient to specify all the settings in a single column, detailing the complete Courier address for each setting. The above table may therefore be represented as follows: Setting Column Description SYSTEM DATA First Column definition Language (Row 01) First setting within first column Password (Row 02)
Page 88: Direct Access (The Hotkey Menu)
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM Press the Enter key to confirm the new setting value or the Clear key to discard it. The new setting is automatically discarded if it is not confirmed within 15 seconds. For protection group settings and disturbance recorder settings, the changes must be confirmed before they are used.
Page 89: Control Inputs
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration Select the setting group with Nxt Grp and confirm by pressing Select. If neither of the cursor keys is pressed within 20 seconds of entering a hotkey sub menu, the device reverts to the default display. 3.9.2 CONTROL INPUTS The control inputs are user-assignable functions.
Page 90: Function Keys
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM 3.10 FUNCTION KEYS Most products have a number of function keys for programming control functionality using the programmable scheme logic (PSL). Each function key has an associated programmable tri-colour LED that can be programmed to give the desired indication on function key activation.
Page 91 P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration press duration of approximately 200 ms is required before the key press is recognised. This feature avoids accidental double presses. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 92: Date And Time Configuration
Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM DATE AND TIME CONFIGURATION The date and time setting will normally be updated automatically by the chosen UTC (Universal Time Co- ordination) time synchronisation mechanism when the device is in service. You can also set the date and time manually using the Date/Time cell in the DATE AND TIME column.
Page 93: Settings Group Selection
P24xM Chapter 5 - Configuration SETTINGS GROUP SELECTION You can select the setting group using opto inputs, a menu selection, and for some models the hotkey menu or function keys. You choose which method using the Setting Group setting in the CONFIGURATION column. There are two possibilities;...
Page 94 Chapter 5 - Configuration P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 95: Chapter 6 Current Protection Functions
CHAPTER 6 CURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTIONS...
Page 96 Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 97: Chapter Overview
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions CHAPTER OVERVIEW The P24DM, P24NM provides a wide range of current protection functions. This chapter describes the operation of these functions including the principles, logic diagrams and applications. This chapter contains the following sections:...
Page 98: Thermal Overload Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION For the thermal overload protection function to operate correctly, the circuit breaker must be closed and its associated closing signal 52a recognized by the relay. THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION Introduction Overloads can result in stator temperature rises which exceed the thermal limit of the winding insulation. Studies suggest that the life of insulation is approximately halved for each 10C rise in temperature above the rated value.
Page 99: Thermal Replica
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions THERMAL REPLICA The P24xM relay models the time-current thermal characteristic of a motor by internally generating a thermal replica of the machine. The thermal overload protection can be selectively enabled or disabled. The rms and negative sequence components of the load current are measured independently and are combined together to form an equivalent current, I , which is supplied to this replica circuit.
Page 100: Thermal Trip
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM A = initial thermal state of the machine. = Thermal current setting Thermal Alarm = Thermal alarm setting (20%-100%) The time to trip varies depending on the load current carried before application of the overload, such as whether the overload was applied from "hot"...
Page 101: Figure 17: Thermal Overload Protection Logic Diagram
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions The DDB signal Thermal Trip indicates tripping of the element . A further DDB signal Thermal Alarm is generated from the thermal alarm stage. The state of the DDB signal can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Page 102: User Programmable Curve For Thermal Overload Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Emergency restart Circumstances may dictate the necessity to restart a hot motor. An emergency restart can be enabled via an opto input (Emergency Rest.), via the user interface, or via the remote communications. This feature effectively removes all start inhibits (Thermal Lockout, Hot start Nb, Cold start Nb, and Time betwe start).
Page 103 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Voltage 11 kV Starting D.O.L For this application we have assumed the machine is a CMR motor so the Ith setting is calculated as follows: x (1/CT Ratio) Where: = Continuous Motor Rating Therefore: I = 293 x 1/300 = 0.976 In Therefore set: I...
Page 104: Figure 19: Example Of Settings
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM E00794 Figure 19: Example of settings 2.5.1.4 THERMAL STATE MODIFICATION If a CMR induction motor is fully loaded it is equivalent to a temperature of 100%, as far as the thermal replica is concerned.
Page 105 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions temperature could be as low as 50% of the permitted level. The main reason for this is that the rotor winding is able to dissipate the heat more efficiently than the stator winding, particularly with fan-driven, air-flow machines. During starting, the slip is low and both the stator and rotor currents are high, thereby creating heat in both windings.
Page 106: Figure 20: Thermal Curve Modification
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM E00795 Figure 20: Thermal curve modification Motor manufacturers and end users are aware of the limitation of the stator thermal model, but the possible solution to oversize the machine is expensive. The P24xM relay incorporates a feature where the thermal curve can be modified to overcome this problem. Previously, the relay had a dual time constant (T1 and T2) characteristic for applications such as star/delta starting.
Page 107 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 2.5.1.5 INHIBITION OF THE THERMAL TRIP DURING STARTING It may be necessary to disable the thermal overload curve when starting motors which have extreme starting conditions, such as very long start times or very high start current values. With this feature enabled, if the calculated thermal state reaches 90% before the end of the starting period, this value is retained at 90% for the remaining starting period.
Page 108: Overcurrent Protection Principles
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM OVERCURRENT PROTECTION PRINCIPLES Most electrical power system faults result in an overcurrent of one kind or another. It is the job of protection devices, formerly known as 'relays' but now known as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) to protect the power system from faults.
Page 109: Iec 60255 Idmt Curves
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 3.1.1 IEC 60255 IDMT CURVES There are four well-known variants of this characteristic: Standard Inverse ● Very inverse ● Extremely inverse ● UK Long Time inverse ● These equations and corresponding curves governing these characteristics are very well known in the power industry.
Page 110 Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM For cases where the generation is practically constant and discrimination with low tripping times is difficult to obtain, because of the low impedance per line section, an extremely inverse relay can be very useful since only a small difference of current is necessary to obtain an adequate time difference.
Page 111: European Standards
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 1000.00 100.00 Long Time Inverse ( 10.00 Standard Inverse (SI) 1.00 Very Inverse (VI) Extremely Inverse (EI) 0.10 Current (multiples of I E00600 Figure 21: IEC 60255 IDMT curves 3.1.2 EUROPEAN STANDARDS The IEC 60255 IDMT Operate equation is: β...
Page 112: North American Standards
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM b constant a constant Curve Description L constant IEC Very Inverse Operate 13.5 IEC Very Inverse Reset 50.92 IEC Extremely Inverse Operate IEC Extremely Inverse Reset 44.1 3.03 UK Long Time Inverse Operate* UK Rectifier Operate* 45900 Rapid Inverse (RI) characteristic...
Page 113 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions b constant a constant Curve Description L constant IEEE Moderately Inverse Operate 0.0515 0.02 0.114 IEEE Moderately Inverse Reset 4.85 IEEE Very Inverse Operate 19.61 0.491 IEEE Very Inverse Reset 21.6 IEEE Extremely Inverse Operate 28.2 0.1217 IEEE Extremely Inverse Reset...
Page 114: Iec And Ieee Inverse Curves
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM 3.1.4 IEC AND IEEE INVERSE CURVES IEC Standard Inverse Curve IEC Very Inverse Curve 1000 1000 0.025 0.025 0.075 0.075 0.100 0.100 0.300 0.300 0.500 0.500 0.700 0.700 0.900 0.900 1.000 1.000 1.200 1.200 0.01 0.01...
Page 115: Differences Between The North American And European Standards
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions IEEE Very Inverse Curve IEEE Extremely Inverse Curve 10000 10000 0.05 0.05 1000 1000 0.01 0.01 Current in Multiples of Setting Current in Multiples of Setting E00759 Figure 24: IEEE very and extremely inverse curves 3.1.5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS The IEEE and US curves are set differently to the IEC/UK curves, with regard to the time setting.
Page 116: Timer Hold Facility
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Energising quantity Start signal IDMT/ DT Threshold & & & Trip Signal Function inhibit Stage Blocking signals Timer Settings Stage Blocking settings Voltage Directional Check Current Timer Blocking signals Timer Blocking settings V00654 Figure 25: Principle of protection function implementation An energising quantity is either a voltage input from a system voltage transformer, a current input from a system current transformer or another quantity derived from one or both of these.
Page 117 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions This feature may be useful in certain applications, such as when grading with upstream electromechanical overcurrent relays, which have inherent reset time delays. If you set the hold timer to a value other than zero, the resetting of the protection element timers will be delayed for this period.
Page 118: Phase Overcurrent Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM PHASE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION Phase current faults are faults where fault current flows between two or more phases of a power system. The fault current may be between the phase conductors only or, between two or more phase conductors and earth. Although not as common as earth faults (single phase to earth), phase faults are typically more severe.
Page 119: Non-Directional Overcurrent Logic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions NON-DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT LOGIC I>1 Start A & I>1 Current Set & I>1 Trip A IDMT/DT IA2H Start & Timer Settings I> Blocking 2H Blocks I>1 2H 1PH Block I>1 Start B & I>1 Current Set &...
Page 120: Directional Element
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM DIRECTIONAL ELEMENT If fault current can flow in both directions through a protected location, you will need to use a directional overcurrent element to determine the direction of the fault. Once the direction has been determined the device can decide whether to allow tripping or to block tripping.
Page 121: Figure 27: Directional Trip Angles
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions V00747 Figure 27: Directional trip angles For close up three-phase faults, all three voltages will collapse to zero and no healthy phase voltages will be present. For this reason, the device includes a synchronous polarisation feature that stores the pre-fault voltage information and continues to apply this to the directional overcurrent elements for a time period of 3.2 seconds.
Page 122: Directional Overcurrent Logic
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM 4.3.1 DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT LOGIC I>1 Start A & I>1 Current Set & I>1 Trip A IDMT/DT & IA2H Start & I> Blocking 2H Block I>1 Timer Settings 2H 1PH BLOCK I2H Any Start &...
Page 123: Figure 29: Or Logic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Typical PSL schemes to implement this algorithm are shown below: V00778 Figure 29: OR logic V00779 Figure 30: AND logic P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 124: Figure 31: Definite Time Overcurrent Element
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Time t 100 ms 40 ms Current 1 x I> 1.13 x I> P4083ENb V00781 Figure 31: Definite time overcurrent element Setting guidelines To prevent operation during starting the instantaneous element is usually set to 1.25 times the maximum starting current.
Page 125: Current Setting Threshold Selection
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions CURRENT SETTING THRESHOLD SELECTION The Phase Overcurrent protection threshold setting can be influenced by the Cold Load Pickup (CLP), should this functionality be used. The Overcurrent function selects the threshold setting according to the following diagram: Start Use the current threshold setting Does a cold Load Pickup...
Page 126: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION When applying standard phase overcurrent protection, the overcurrent elements must be set significantly higher than the maximum load current. This limits the element’s sensitivity. Most protection schemes also use an earth fault element operating from residual current, which improves sensitivity for earth faults.
Page 127: Non-Directional Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions NON-DIRECTIONAL NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OVERCURRENT LOGIC I2>1 Start & I2>1 Current Set & I2>1 Trip IDMT/DT CTS Block Timer Settings I 2> Inhibit I2 H Any Start Note: This diagram does not show all stages . Other stages follow similar principles.
Page 128: Directional Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM 6.3.1 DIRECTIONAL NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OVERCURRENT LOGIC I2 I2 I2>1 Start I2>1 Start & I2>1 Current Set I2>1 Current Set & & I2>1 Trip I2>1 Trip IDMT/DT CTS Block CTS Block I2> Inhibit I2> Inhibit Timer Settings I2H Any Start I2H Any Start...
Page 129: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions All the protection functions that use the positive and negative sequence component of voltage and current are affected (Thermal Overload, 3 Ph Volt Check, Negative Sequence O/C, VT Supervision). APPLICATION NOTES 6.5.1 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION Negative phase sequence current is generated from an unbalanced current condition, such as unbalanced loading, loss of one phase or single phase faults.
Page 130 Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Motor negative sequence impedance at a given slip s by the formula: [(R1 + R'2/s)2 + (X1 + X'2)2]0.5 That means: [(R1 + R'2/2)2 + (X1 + X'2)2]0.5 when s << 1 at normal running speed. Where: PPS = positive phase sequence NPS = negative phase sequence...
Page 131 P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions If the machine is allowed to rotate in the opposite direction, the thermal protection and negative phase sequence overcurrent element detects the condition and trips the circuit breaker in their respective time delays. However, it is sometimes better not to allow the motor to rotate at all.
Page 132 Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM A typical setting for the negative sequence overcurrent element is 30% of the anticipated negative sequence current resulting from loss of one phase during starting for a motor with a starting current to load current ratio of 6 to 1.
Page 133: Earth Fault Protection
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions EARTH FAULT PROTECTION Earth faults are overcurrent faults where the fault current flows to earth. Earth faults are the most common type of fault. Earth faults can be measured directly from the system by means of: ●...
Page 134: Non-Directional Earth Fault Logic
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM NON-DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT LOGIC IN2>1 Start & IN2>1 Current & IN2>1 Trip IDMT/DT CTS B lock Timer Settings Not applicable for IN1 IN2> I nhibit Note: This diagram shows the logic for IN2 (derived earth fault). The logic I2H Any Start for IN1 (measured earth f ault) follows the same principles, but with no CTS blocking.
Page 135: Directional Element
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Note: When using an IDG Operate characteristic, DT is always used with a value of zero for the Rest characteristic. An additional setting "IDG Time" is also used to set the minimum operating time at high levels of fault current. IDG Is Setting Range IDG Is Setting Range IDG Time Setting Range...
Page 136: Figure 37: Directional Angles
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM The directional criteria with residual voltage polarisation is given below: Directional forward (Ð VN + 180°) + RCA - 90° + (180° - tripping angle)/2 < Ð IN < ( Ð VN +180°) + RCA +90° - (180° - tripping angle)/2 Directional reverse (Ð...
Page 137: Negative Sequence Polarisation
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 7.4.1.1 DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT LOGIC WITH RESIDUAL VOLTAGE POLARISATION IN1> DIRECTIONAL IN1> DIRECTIONAL IN1> VNpo l S et IN1> VNpo l S et Lo w Curren t Th re shold Lo w Curren t Th re shold Directional To EF logic To EF logic...
Page 138: Application Notes
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM V00749 Figure 39: Directional angles 7.4.2.1 DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT LOGIC WITH NPS POLARISATION IN1> DIRECTIONAL IN1> DIRECTIONAL V2 V2 IN1> V2pol Se t IN1> V2pol Se t I2 I2 IN1> I2pol Se t IN1>...
Page 139: Peterson Coil Earthed Systems
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions We recommend the following RCA settings: Resistance earthed systems: 0° ● ● Distribution systems (solidly earthed): -45° Transmission systems (solidly earthed): -60° ● 7.5.2 PETERSON COIL EARTHED SYSTEMS A Petersen Coil earthing system is used in compensated earthing systems, as well as being used in cases of high impedance earthing.
Page 140: Figure 42: Earth Fault In Petersen Coil Earthed System
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Source          (=-I (=-I Petersen Coil Current vectors for A phase fault V00631 Figure 42: Earth fault in Petersen Coil earthed system Consider a radial distribution system earthed using a Petersen Coil with a phase to earth fault on phase C, shown in the figure below: V00632 Figure 43: Distribution of currents during a Phase C fault...
Page 141: Figure 44: Phasors For A Phase C Earth Fault In A Petersen Coil Earthed System
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions = -3V = -3V a) Capacitive and inductive currents b) Unfaulted line c) Faulted line V00633 Figure 44: Phasors for a phase C earth fault in a Petersen Coil earthed system It can be seen that: The voltage in the faulty phase reduces to almost 0V ●...
Page 142: Setting Guidelines (Compensated Networks)
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Resistive component in feeder )’ Resistive component in grounding coil I’ a) capacitive and inductive currents with resistive components Restrain Zero torque line for 0° RCA Operate Restrain = -3V = -3V Operate Zero torque line for 0°...
Page 143: Solidly Earthed System
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions In most situations, the system will not be fully compensated and consequently a small level of steady state fault current will be allowed to flow. The residual current seen by the protection on the faulted feeder may therefore be a larger value, which further emphasises the fact that the protection settings should be based upon practical current levels, wherever possible.
Page 144: Insulated System
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Time Fuse Earth fault delay Contactor Current Breaking capacity P4084ENa V00782 Figure 47: Fuse characteristic 7.5.5 INSULATED SYSTEM Principle The advantage gained by running a power system, which is insulated from earth, is that during a single phase to earth fault condition no earth fault current is allowed to flow.
Page 145: Figure 48: Current Distribution In An Insulated System With C Phase Fault
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions jXc1 jXc2 IH1 + IH2 + IH3 jXc3 IR3 = IH1 + IH2 + IH3 - IH3 IH1 + IH2 IR3 = IH1 + IH2 E00627 Figure 48: Current distribution in an insulated system with C phase fault The figure above shows the relays on the healthy motor feeders see the unbalance in the charging currents for their own feeder.
Page 146: Figure 49: Phasor Diagrams For Insulated System With C Phase Fault
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Restrain Vapf Operate Vcpf Vbpf Vres (= 3Vo) An RCA setting of ±90º shifts the IR3 = (IH1 + IH2) “centre of the characteristic” to here E00628 Figure 49: Phasor diagrams for insulated system with C phase fault The diagram above shows that the C phase to earth fault causes the voltages on the healthy phases to rise by a factor of Ö3.
Page 147: Resistance Earthed Systems
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Note: Discrimination can be provided without the need for directional control. This can only be achieved if it is possible to set the relay in excess of the charging current of the protected feeder and below the charging current for the rest of the system. Setting guidelines The residual current detected by the relay on the faulted feeder is equal to the sum of the charging currents flowing from the rest of the system.
Page 148: Petersen Coil Earthed Systems
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM The current sensitivity of the relay should be approximately 30% of Ö2 times the charging current for the rest of the system (3 x steady state value). The relay connections to give a defined direction for operation are shown on the relay connection diagram.
Page 149: Figure 51: Current Distribution In Petersen Coil Earthed System
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions such overvoltages is not too costly. Higher system voltages would normally be solidly earthed or earthed using a low impedance. A special case of high impedance earthing using a reactor occurs when the inductive earthing reactance is made equal to the total system capacitive reactance to earth at system frequency.
Page 150: Figure 52: Distribution Of Currents During A C Phase To Earth Fault
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM V00632 Figure 52: Distribution of currents during a C phase to earth fault The figure below shows vector diagrams for the previous system, assuming that it is fully compensated (for example, coil reactance fully tuned to system capacitance), in addition to assuming a theoretical situation where no resistance is present either in the earthing coil or in the feeder cables.
Page 151: Figure 54: Zero Sequence Network Showing Residual Currents
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions The unbalance current detected by a core balance current transformer on the healthy feeders can be seen to be a simple vector addition of Ia1 and Ib1, giving a residual current which lies at exactly 90° lagging the residual voltage.
Page 152: Figure 55: Practical Case:- Resistance Present In Xl And Xc
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Resistive component in feeder )’ Resistive component in grounding coil I’ a) capacitive and inductive currents with resistive components Restrain Zero torque line for 0° RCA Operate Restrain = -3V = -3V Operate Zero torque line for 0°...
Page 153: Operation Of Sensitive Earth Fault Element
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 7.5.9 OPERATION OF SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT ELEMENT The angular difference between the residual currents on the healthy and faulted feeders allows a directional relay to be applied whose zero torque line passes between the two currents. The following types of protection elements may be applied for earth fault detection.
Page 154: Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION With some earth faults, the fault current flowing to earth is limited by either intentional resistance (as is the case with some HV systems) or unintentional resistance (e.g. in very dry conditions and where the substrate is high resistance, such as sand or rock).
Page 155: Epatr B Curve
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions SEF protection can follow the same IDMT characteristics as described in the Overcurrent Protection Principles section. Please refer to this section for details of IDMT characteristics. EPATR B CURVE The EPATR B curve is commonly used for time-delayed Sensitive Earth Fault protection in certain markets. This curve is only available in the Sensitive Earth Fault protection stages 1 and 2.
Page 156: Wattmetric Characteristic
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Directionality is achieved by using differet techniques depending on the application. The directional SEF can be used for: Solidly earthed systems ● Unearthed systems (insulated systems) ● ● Compensated systems Resistance earthed systems ●...
Page 157: Icos Phi / Isin Phi Characteristic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions where: f = Angle between the Polarising Voltage (-Vres) and the Residual Current ● = Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) Setting (ISEF> Char Angle) ● ● = Residual Voltage = Residual Current ● = Zero Sequence Voltage ●...
Page 158: Directional Sef Logic
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM The diagram illustrates the method of discrimination when the real (cosf ) component is considered. Faults close to the polarising voltage will have a higher magnitude than those close to the operating boundary. In the diagram, we assume that the current magnitude I is in both the faulted and non-faulted feeders.
Page 159: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Three possibilities exist for the type of protection element that you can use for sensitive earth fault detection: A suitably sensitive directional earth fault protection element having a characteristic angle setting (RCA) of ●...
Page 160: Setting Guidelines (Insulated Systems)
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM The protection elements on the healthy feeder see the charging current imbalance for their own feeder. The protection element on the faulted feeder, however, sees the charging current from the rest of the system (IH1 and IH2 in this case).
Page 161: Figure 63: Positioning Of Core Balance Current Transformers
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions order of 30% of this value, i.e. equal to the per phase charging current of the remaining system. Practically though, the required setting may well be determined on site, where suitable settings can be adopted based on practically obtained results.
Page 162: Cold Load Pickup
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM COLD LOAD PICKUP When a circuit breaker is closed in order to energise a load, the current levels that flow for a period of time following energisation may be far greater than the normal load levels. Consequently, overcurrent settings that have been applied to provide overcurrent protection may not be suitable during this period of energisation (cold load), as they may initiate undesired tripping of the circuit breaker.
Page 163: Clp Logic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions CLP LOGIC CLP Initiate CLP Initiate tcold tcold & CB Open 3 ph CB Open 3 ph CLP Operation CLP Operation tcold Time Delay tcold Time Delay tclp tclp & CB Closed 3 ph CB Closed 3 ph tclp Time Delay tclp Time Delay...
Page 164: Clp For Switch Onto Fault Conditions
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM This may be useful where instantaneous earth fault protection needs to be applied to the motor. During motor start-up conditions, it is likely that incorrect operation of the earth fault element would occur due to asymmetric CT saturation.
Page 165: Selective Logic
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions SELECTIVE LOGIC With Selective Logic you can use the Start signals to control the time delays of upstream IEDs, as an alternative to simply blocking them. This provides an alternative approach to achieving non-cascading types of overcurrent scheme.
Page 166: Timer Setting Selection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM TIMER SETTING SELECTION The timer settings used depend on whether there is a Selective Overcurrent condition or a Cold Load Pickup condition (if this functionality is used). The protection function selects the settings according to the following flow diagram: Start Use the timer settings defined in...
Page 167: Blocked Overcurrent Protection
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions BLOCKED OVERCURRENT PROTECTION With Blocked Overcurrent schemes, you connect the start contacts from downstream IEDs to the timer blocking inputs of upstream IEDs. This allows identical current and time settings to be used on each of the IEDs in the scheme, as the device nearest to the fault does not receive a blocking signal and so trips discriminatively.
Page 168: Application Notes
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM CB Fail Alarm & Remove IN> Start IN/SEF>Blk Start Enabled Disabled & IN1>1 Start IN1>2 Start IN1>3 Start IN1>4 Start IN2>1 Start IN2>2 Start IN2>3 Start IN2>4 Start ISEF>1 Start ISEF>2 Start ISEF>3 Start ISEF>4 Start V00649 Figure 68: Blocked Earth Fault logic...
Page 169: Figure 70: Simple Busbar Blocking Scheme Characteristics
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 10.0 Incomer IDMT element Time IDMT margin (secs) Feeder IDMT element Incomer high set element 0.08 Time to block Feeder start contact 0.01 10.0 100.0 Current (kA) E00637 Figure 70: Simple busbar blocking scheme characteristics For further guidance on the use of blocked busbar schemes, refer to General Electric.
Page 170: Second Harmonic Blocking
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM SECOND HARMONIC BLOCKING When a transformer is initially connected to a source of AC voltage, there may be a substantial surge of current through the primary winding called inrush current. Inrush current is a regularly occurring phenomenon and should not be considered a fault, as we do not wish the protection device to issue a trip command whenever a transformer, or machine is switched on.
Page 171: Second Harmonic Blocking Logic (Poc Input)
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 13.2 SECOND HARMONIC BLOCKING LOGIC (POC INPUT) & IA fundamental IA fundamental & I2H Any Start I2H Any Start I>Lift 2H I>Lift 2H & & IA2H Start IA2H Start Low current (hard-coded) Low current (hard-coded) IB2H Start IB2H Start IA 2...
Page 172: Stall Protection
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM STALL PROTECTION Comprehensive features are available to protect the motor during the critical starting sequence. Measurements and diagnostics are also available to help you with the maintenance of the electrical process. For example, last start time and last start current can be displayed on the HMI of the relay.
Page 173: Locked Rotor During Starting - (Stall Time < Start Time)
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 14.2 LOCKED ROTOR DURING STARTING – (STALL TIME < START TIME) For applications such as motors driving high inertia loads, the stall withstand time can be safely exceeded during starting. This can be done without an over temperature condition within the motor. The stall withstand time is less than the start time, therefore time alone cannot be used to distinguish between a start and a stall condition.
Page 174: Stall During Running
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM 14.3 STALL DURING RUNNING A stall during running is given by a current exceeding the programmed current threshold, (Stall Setting) following a successful start. The Successful Start signal is issued if the current decreases below the starting current and/or CB still close (depending on start criteria) when Prol.
Page 175: Low Voltage Ride Through Authorization
Reac. Time At the time t when the time r is Reac. Time timer starts when lo w volta ge time d o ut and sce nario 2 is true, condition is detecte d . During this p eriod Stall fu nction is disa bled and the relay trips on “Stall Prol .
Page 176: Auto Re-Start Authorization Restoration Sequence
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Current Scenario 2 Stall Setting Scenario 1 Starting Current Reac. Time At the time t when the time r is timed ou t and the Reac. Time timer starts when low vo ltag e voltage has n ot bee n condition is detecte d .
Page 177: Figure 77: Automatic Restart Authorized- Voltage Restored Within The Set Time
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions At the time t when the timer is Current timed out and the voltage has remained below Low V Set, the relay trips on “Stall Prol. Start”. Stall Setting Reac. Shed Time Starting Current Reac.
Page 178: Application Notes
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Current Stall Setting Reac. Long Time Starting Current Reac. Time At the time t when the timer is timed out and the voltage Reac. Time timer At the time t when the timer is has remained below High V starts when low timed out and the voltage has...
Page 179: Excessive Start Time/Locked Rotor Protection - Stall Time > Start Time
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions If a motor stalls while running, or is unable to start due to excessive loading, it draws a current equivalent to the locked rotor current. The level of starting current is equal to the level of locked rotor current. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between 3 phase stalling and healthy starting by monitoring current alone.
Page 180: Excessive Start Time/Locked Rotor Protection - Stall Time < Start Time
This corresponds with Reac. Time, Reac. Long Time and Reac. Shed Time respectively of P24DM relay designations. Short falls cover situations when it is appropriate to authorize reacceleration of the rotor and not to issue a ●...
Page 181: Low Voltage Protection (Reacceleration Authorization)
If T is set to a value other than Zero (off) after a trip order has been issued, the P24DM initiates T reac-long reac-long time-delay. This is due to the supply voltage not being restored within the time interval of T reac.
Page 182: Number Of Starts
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM NUMBER OF STARTS Motors can be started a limited number of times in a defined period without exceeding the permitted winding temperatures. The settings in the Limit Nb Starts protection menu monitors these starts. Two types of starts are supervised: ●...
Page 183: Figure 79: Start Inhibition Example 1
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Motor start Start SUPERVISING TIME =60 min Inhibition SUPERVISIN G TIME =60 min tn = 8 min INHIB. START TIME =10 min SUPERVISING TIME – tn = 60 – 8 = 52 min P0654 ENa V00784 Figure 79: Start inhibition example 1...
Page 184: Time Between Starts
Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM Motor start Start Inhibition SUPERVISING TIME = 60 min SUPERVISING TIME = 60 min tn = 55 min INHIB. START TIME = 10 min SUPERVISING TIME – tn = 5 min P0655 ENa V00785 Figure 80: Start inhibition example 2 The Start Lockout information (Hot Start Nb.
Page 185: Number Of Starts Limitation
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions Motor start Start Inhibit Start Time (default value) Inhibition Time Between Start (default value) P0656ENb V00786 Figure 81: Time between starts 15.2 NUMBER OF STARTS LIMITATION Repeated starting, or intermittent operation of a motor, can generate dangerously high temperatures within the motor, unless sufficient time is allowed for cooling between starts.
Page 186: Anti-Backspin Protection
As soon as the motor is stopped (CB open 3 ph), the delay set (maximum delay to stop) starts and the Antibkspin Alarm signal is set. UPSTREAM Remanant voltage 4th VT P24DM E02625 Figure 82: 3 phase VTs and Anti-Backspin (remanent phase-phase) VT configuration P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 187: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions 16.1 APPLICATION NOTES 16.1.1 ANTI-BACKSPIN PROTECTION A motor may be driving a very high inertia load. Once the CB/Contactor supplying power to the motor is switched off, the rotor may continue to turn for a considerable length of time as it decelerates. The motor now becomes a generator and applying supply voltage out of phase can result in catastrophic failure.
Page 188 Chapter 6 - Current Protection Functions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 189: Chapter 7 Restricted Earth Fault Protection
CHAPTER 7 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION...
Page 190 Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 191: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection CHAPTER OVERVIEW The device provides extensive Restricted Earth Fault functionality. This chapter describes the operation of this function including the principles of operation, logic diagrams and applications. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview REF Protection Principles Restricted Earth Fault Protection Implementation...
Page 192: Ref Protection Principles
Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM REF PROTECTION PRINCIPLES Winding-to-core faults can be caused by insulation breakdown. Such faults can have very low fault currents, but they still need to be picked up. If such faults are not identified, this could result in extreme damage to very expensive equipment.
Page 193: Restricted Earth Fault Types
P24xM Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection three, the currents are balanced, resulting in stable operation. Now only a fault inside the star winding can create an imbalance sufficient to cause a trip. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT TYPES There are two different types of Restricted Earth Fault; Low Impedance REF (also known as Biased REF) and High Impedance REF.
Page 194: High Impedance Ref Principle
Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM Differential current Higher slope Operate region Lower slope Restraint region Minimum operating current Bias current First knee point Second knee point V00677 Figure 85: Three-slope REF bias characteristic The flat area of the characteristic is the minimum differential current required to cause a trip (operate current) at low bias currents.
Page 195: Figure 87: High Impedance Ref Connection
P24xM Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection When subjected to heavy through faults the line current transformer may enter saturation unevenly, resulting in imbalance. To ensure stability under these conditions a series connected external resistor is required, so that most of the unbalanced current will flow through the saturated CT.
Page 196: Restricted Earth Fault Protection Implementation
Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION SETTINGS Restricted Earth Fault Protection is implemented in the Restricted E/F column of the relevant settings group. It is here that the constants and bias currents are set. The REF protection may be configured to operate as either a high impedance or biased element.
Page 197: Delayed Bias
P24xM Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection The following settings are provided to define this bias characteristic: IREF> Is1: sets the minimum trip threshold ● ● IREF> Is2: sets the bias current kneepoint whereby the required trip current starts increasing IREF>...
Page 198 Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM IREF > IREF > where: = the resistance of the CT winding ● ● = the resistance of the lead from the CT to the IED. Note: The above formula assumes negligible relay burden. We recommend a stabilizing resistor, which is continuously adjustable up to its maximum declared resistance.
Page 199: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection APPLICATION NOTES LOW IMPEDANCE REF PROTECTION APPLICATION 4.1.1 SETTING GUIDELINES FOR BIASED OPERATION For this configuration, settings must be modified in the RESTRICTED E/F column. The REF Options setting should be set to Lo Z REF (Low Impedance REF) protection. To protect as much of the machine winding as possible, the differential current setting IREF>Is1 should be adjusted to a low setting.
Page 200: High Impedance Ref Protection Application
Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection P24xM Scaling factor = K = Neutral CT ratio / Line CT ratio This results in the following differential and bias current equations: diff     + bias HIGH IMPEDANCE REF PROTECTION APPLICATION 4.2.1 SETTING GUIDELINES FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE OPERATION For this configuration, settings must be modified in the RESTRICTED E/F column.
Page 201: Chapter 8 Cb Fail Protection
CHAPTER 8 CB FAIL PROTECTION...
Page 202 Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 203: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection CHAPTER OVERVIEW The device provides a Circuit Breaker Fail Protection function. This chapter describes the operation of this function including the principles, logic diagrams and applications. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Circuit Breaker Fail Protection Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation Circuit Breaker Fail Logic...
Page 204: Circuit Breaker Fail Protection
Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL PROTECTION When a fault occurs, one or more protection devices will operate and issue a trip command to the relevant circuit breakers. Operation of the circuit breaker is essential to isolate the fault and prevent, or at least limit, damage to the power system.
Page 205: Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL IMPLEMENTATION Circuit Breaker Failure Protection is implemented in the CB FAIL column of the relevant settings group. CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL TIMERS The circuit breaker failure protection incorporates two timers, CB Fail 1 Timer and CB Fail 2 Timer, allowing configuration for the following scenarios: Simple CBF, where only CB Fail 1 Timer is enabled.
Page 206 Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM after the circuit breaker in the primary system has opened ensuring that the only current flowing in the AC secondary circuit is the subsidence current. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 207: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL LOGIC Ext. Trip 3ph Ext. Trip 3ph Trip Command In Trip Command In CBF3PhStart IA< Start IA< Start & IB< Start IB< Start IC< Start IC< Start IN< Start IN< Start ZCD IA<...
Page 208: Figure 91: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Single Phase Start
Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM External Trip A External Trip A CBFExtPhAStart IA< Start IA< Start ZCD IA< & CB Fail Alarm CB Fail Alarm CBFExtPhBStart External Trip A External Trip A Ext Prot Reset Ext Prot Reset CBFExtPhCStart &...
Page 209: Undercurrent And Zcd Logic For Cb Fail
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection UNDERCURRENT AND ZCD LOGIC FOR CB FAIL IA< Start I< Current Set IB< Start I< Current Set IC< Start I< Current Set IN< Start IN< Current Set ISEF ISEF< Start ISEF< Current ZCD IA< ZCD IB<...
Page 210: Cb Fail Sef Protection Logic
Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM CB FAIL SEF PROTECTION LOGIC ISEF>1 Trip ISEF>2 Trip CBF SEF Trip-1 ISEF>3 Trip ISEF>4 Trip & CBF SEF Trip-1 CBF SEF Trip Trip Command In V02002 Figure 94: CB Fail SEF Protection Logic P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 211: Cb Fail Non Current Protection Logic
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection CB FAIL NON CURRENT PROTECTION LOGIC V<1 Trip V<2 Trip V<3 Trip V>1 Trip V>2 Trip V>3 Trip VN> 1 Trip VN>2 Trip VN> 3 Trip V2> Trip Trip Rev . Powe r Sen sP1 Tr ip A SensP2 Trip A Stg 1 f+ t Tr p...
Page 212: Circuit Breaker Mapping
Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM CIRCUIT BREAKER MAPPING CB Closed 3 ph CB in Service V02026 Figure 96: Circuit Breaker mapping P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 213: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection APPLICATION NOTES RESET MECHANISMS FOR CB FAIL TIMERS It is common practise to use low set undercurrent elements to indicate that circuit breaker poles have interrupted the fault or load current. This covers the following situations: ●...
Page 214: Setting Guidelines (Undercurrent)
Chapter 8 - CB Fail Protection P24xM CBF resets: 1. Undercurrent element asserts 2. Undercurrent element asserts and the breaker status indicates an open position 3. Protection resets and the undercurrent element asserts Fault occurs Safety Protection Maximum breaker reset margin operating time clearing time...
Page 215: Chapter 9 Current Transformer Requirements
CHAPTER 9 CURRENT TRANSFORMER REQUIREMENTS...
Page 216 Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 217: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview CT requirements P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 218: Ct Requirements
Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements P24xM CT REQUIREMENTS The current transformer requirements are based on a maximum fault current of 50 times the rated current (In) with the device having an instantaneous overcurrent setting of 25 times the rated current. The current transformer requirements are designed to provide operation of all protection elements.
Page 219: Non-Directional Elements
P24xM Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements 2.1.2 NON-DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS Time-delayed phase overcurrent elements Instantaneous phase overcurrent elements EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 2.2.1 DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS Instantaneous earth fault overcurrent elements 2.2.2 NON-DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS Time-delayed earth fault overcurrent elements Instantaneous earth fault overcurrent elements SEF PROTECTION (RESIDUALLY CONNECTED) 2.3.1 DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS...
Page 220: Non-Directional Elements
Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements P24xM 2.3.2 NON-DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS Time delayed SEF protection ≥ Instantaneous SEF protection ≥ SEF PROTECTION (CORE-BALANCED CT) 2.4.1 DIRECTIONAL ELEMENTS Instantaneous element ≥ Note: Ensure that the phase error of the applied core balance current transformer is less than 90 minutes at 10% of rated current and less than 150 minutes at 1% of rated current.
Page 221: High Impedance Ref Protection
P24xM Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements Note: Class x or Class 5P CTs should be used for low impedance REF applications. HIGH IMPEDANCE REF PROTECTION The high impedance REF element will maintain stability for through-faults and operate in less than 40ms for internal faults, provided the following equations are met: ≥...
Page 222 Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements P24xM With a sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil, the RMS current would be approximately 0.52 x the peak current. This current value can be calculated as follows:    S RMS  0 52 ...
Page 223: Use Of Ansi C-Class Cts
P24xM Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements Secondary Internal Fault Current Recommended Metrosil types for various voltage settings 600A/S1/S1213 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1223 C = 540/640 C = 670/800 C =670/800 C = 740/870 35 mA RMS 40 mA RMS 50 mA RMS 50 mA RMS 600A/S2/P/ 600A/S2/P/S1215...
Page 224 Chapter 9 - Current Transformer Requirements P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 225: Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions
CHAPTER 10 VOLTAGE PROTECTION FUNCTIONS...
Page 226 Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 227: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions CHAPTER OVERVIEW The device provides a wide range of voltage protection functions. This chapter describes the operation of these functions including the principles, logic diagrams and applications. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Undervoltage Protection Overvoltage Protection...
Page 228: Undervoltage Protection
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION Undervoltage conditions may occur on a power system for a variety of reasons, some of which are outlined below: Undervoltage conditions can be related to increased loads, whereby the supply voltage will decrease in ●...
Page 229: Undervoltage Protection Logic
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions Outputs are available for single or three-phase conditions via the V< Operate Mode cell for each stage. UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION LOGIC V< Mea su r't Mo de V<1 Start A/A B & V<1 Voltag e Set &...
Page 230: Application Notes
Time delayed undervoltage protection is commonly applied. The undervoltage protection included in the P24DM relays consists of three independent measuring stages. Multiple stages are included to provide both alarm and trip stages, where required. Depending on the severity of the voltage dip different time settings may be needed so that motor loads are able to withstand a small voltage depression for longer than if a major voltage excursion occurs.
Page 231: Overvoltage Protection
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION Overvoltage conditions are generally related to loss of load conditions, whereby the supply voltage increases in magnitude. This situation would normally be rectified by voltage regulating equipment such as AVRs (Auto Voltage Regulators) or On Load Tap Changers.
Page 232: Overvoltage Protection Logic
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION LOGIC V> Mea su r't Mo de V>1 Start A/A B & V>1 Trip A/ AB V>1 Voltag e Set V>1 Time Delay V> Mea su r't Mo de V>1 Start B/B C &...
Page 233: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions APPLICATION NOTES 3.3.1 OVERVOLTAGE SETTING GUIDELINES The provision of multiple stages and their respective operating characteristics allows for a number of possible applications: Definite Time can be used for both stages to provide the required alarm and trip stages. ●...
Page 234: Residual Overvoltage Protection
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM RESIDUAL OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION On a healthy three-phase power system, the sum of the three-phase to earth voltages is nominally zero, as it is the vector sum of three balanced vectors displaced from each other by 120°. However, when an earth fault occurs on the primary system, this balance is upset and a residual voltage is produced.
Page 235: Residual Overvoltage Logic
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions RESIDUAL OVERVOLTAGE LOGIC VN>1 Start & VN>1 Voltage Set & IDMT/DT VN>1 Trip VTS Fast Block VN>1 Timer Blk V00802 Figure 100: Residual Overvoltage logic The Residual Overvoltage module (VN>) is a level detector that detects when the voltage magnitude exceeds a set threshold, for each stage.
Page 236: Calculation For Impedance Earthed Systems
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM X 3 E + 2Z E00800 Figure 101: Residual voltage for a solidly earthed system As can be seen from the above diagram, the residual voltage measured on a solidly earthed system is solely dependent on the ratio of source impedance behind the protection to the line impedance in front of the protection, up to the point of fault.
Page 237: Setting Guidelines
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions X 3 E + 2Z + 3Z E00801 Figure 102: Residual voltage for an impedance earthed system An impedance earthed system will always generate a relatively large degree of residual voltage, as the zero sequence source impedance now includes the earthing impedance.
Page 238: Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION Where an incoming feeder is supplying rotating plant equipment such as an induction motor, correct phasing and balance of the supply is essential. Incorrect phase rotation will result in connected motors rotating in the wrong direction.
Page 239 P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions Note: Standing levels of NPS voltage (V2) are displayed in the V2 Magnitude cell of the MEASUREMENTS 1 column. The operation time of the element depends on the application, but a typical setting would be in the region of 5 seconds.
Page 240: Positive Sequence Undervoltage Protection
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM POSITIVE SEQUENCE UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION POSITIVE SEQUENCE UNDERVOLTAGE IMPLEMENTATION Positive Sequence Undervoltage Protection is implemented under the POS SEQ U/V heading in the VOLT PROTECTION Voltage column of the relevant settings group. The product provides two stages of Positive Sequence Undervoltage protection with independent time delay characteristics.
Page 241: Positive Sequence Overvoltage Protection
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions POSITIVE SEQUENCE OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION POSITIVE SEQUENCE OVERVOLTAGE IMPLEMENTATION Positive Sequence Overvoltage Protection is implemented under the POS SEQ O/V heading in the VOLT PROTECTION Voltage column of the relevant settings group. The product provides two stages of Positive Sequence Overvoltage protection with independent time delay characteristics.
Page 242: Moving Average Voltage Functions
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM MOVING AVERAGE VOLTAGE FUNCTIONS Moving average voltage functions are available for: Undervoltage (Vavg<) ● Overvoltage (Vavg>) ● ● Zero Sequence Voltage (V0avg>) Positive Sequence Voltage (V1Avg>) ● Negative Sequence Voltage (V2Avg>) ● The voltage is sampled at 5 Hz (one sample every 200 ms for a 50 Hz system). The refresh period is 3 seconds, meaning 15 samples are collected every refresh period.
Page 243: Moving Average Overvoltage Logic
P24xM Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions MOVING AVERAGE OVERVOLTAGE LOGIC Vavg >1 Status Vavg>1 Start A VA Mov Average & Vavg >1 Trip A Vavg>1 Volt Set Vavg>1 TripTime Vavg>1 StrtTime Vavg >1 Status Vavg>1 Start B VB Mov Average &...
Page 244: Moving Average Positive Sequence Voltage Logic
Chapter 10 - Voltage Protection Functions P24xM MOVING AVERAGE POSITIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE LOGIC V1avg >1 Status V 1avg>1 Start V 1 Mov Average & V1avg >1 Trip V 1avg>1 Volt Set V1avg >1 Delay V00810 V Blocking 1 Enabled & VTS Fast Block Figure 109: Moving Average positive sequence voltage logic MOVING AVERAGE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE LOGIC...
Page 245: Chapter 11 Frequency Protection Functions
CHAPTER 11 FREQUENCY PROTECTION FUNCTIONS...
Page 246 Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 247: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions CHAPTER OVERVIEW The device provides a range of frequency protection functions. This chapter describes the operation of these functions including the principles, logic diagrams and applications. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Frequency Protection Overview Underfrequency Protection Overfrequency Protection...
Page 248: Frequency Protection Overview
Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM FREQUENCY PROTECTION OVERVIEW Power generation and utilisation needs to be well balanced in any industrial, distribution or transmission network. These electrical networks are dynamic entities, with continually varying loads and supplies, which are continually affecting the system frequency.
Page 249: Underfrequency Protection
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions UNDERFREQUENCY PROTECTION A reduced system frequency implies that the net load is in excess of the available generation. Such a condition can arise, when an interconnected system splits, and the load left connected to one of the subsystems is in excess of the capacity of the generators in that particular subsystem.
Page 250 Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM Time delays should be sufficient to override any transient dips in frequency, as well as to provide time for the frequency controls in the system to respond. These should not be excessive as this could jeopardize system stability.
Page 251: Overfrequency Protection
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions OVERFREQUENCY PROTECTION An increased system frequency arises when the mechanical power input to a generator exceeds the electrical power output. This could happen, for instance, when there is a sudden loss of load due to tripping of an outgoing feeder from the plant to a load centre.
Page 252: Figure 114: Power System Segregation Based Upon Frequency Measurements
Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM Stage Element Frequency Setting (Hz) Time Setting (Sec.) Stage 5(f+t) 50.5 Stage 6(f+t) 51.0 The relatively long time delays are intended to provide time for the system controls to respond and will work well in a situation where the increase of system frequency is slow.
Page 253: Independent R.o.c.o.f Protection
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions INDEPENDENT R.O.C.O.F PROTECTION Where there are very large loads, imbalances may occur that result in rapid decline in system frequency. The situation could be so bad that shedding one or two stages of load is unlikely to stop this rapid frequency decline. In such a situation, standard underfrequency protection will normally have to be supplemented with protection that responds to the rate of change of frequency.
Page 254: Application Notes
Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM APPLICATION NOTES 5.3.1 SETTING GUIDELINES Considerable care should be taken when setting this element because it is not supervised by a frequency setting. Setting of the time delay or increasing the number of df/dt averaging cycles will improve stability but this is traded against reduced tripping times.
Page 255: Frequency-Supervised R.o.c.o.f Protection
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions FREQUENCY-SUPERVISED R.O.C.O.F PROTECTION Frequency-supervised Rate of Change of Frequency protection works in a similar way to Independent Rate of change of Frequency Protection. The only difference is that with frequency supervision, the actual frequency itself is monitored and the protection operates when both the rate of change of frequency AND the frequency itself go outside the set limits.
Page 256: Frequency-Supervised R.o.c.o.f Logic
Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM FREQUENCY-SUPERVISED R.O.C.O.F LOGIC Frequency df/dt determination & Stg 1 df /dt+t Trp df /dt Avg .Cycles & f+df /dt 1 df/dt Frequency Frequency determination averaging Freq Avg.Cycles f +df/ dt 1 freq Stage 1 Enabled f+df/dt 1 Status Positive...
Page 257: Setting Guidelines
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions Frequency Slow decay Rapid decay Time E00858 Figure 117: Frequency supervised rate of change of frequency protection 6.3.2 SETTING GUIDELINES We recommend that the frequency supervised rate of change of frequency protection (f+df/dt) element be used in conjunction with the time delayed frequency protection (f+t) elements.
Page 258: Average Rate Of Change Of Frequency Protection
Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE OF FREQUENCY PROTECTION Owing to the complex dynamics of power systems, variations in frequency during times of generation-to-load imbalance are highly non-linear. Oscillations will occur as the system seeks to address the imbalance, resulting in frequency oscillations typically in the order of 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz, in addition to the basic change in frequency.
Page 259: Average R.o.c.o.f Logic
P24xM Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions The average rate of change of frequency is then measured based on the frequency difference, ∆f over the settable time period, ∆t. The following settings are relevant for Df/Dt protection: f+Df/Dt (n) Status: determines whether the stage is for falling or rising frequency conditions ●...
Page 260 Chapter 11 - Frequency Protection Functions P24xM Frequency Average Rate of Change of Frequency "f+Df/Dt [81RAV]" Elements "f+t [81U/81O]" Elements (f+Df/Dt) f (f+t) f Frequency (f+t) t (f+Df/Dt) Df Frequency (f+Df/Dt) Dt Time Stage Frequency Setting Setting (Hz) Time Setting (Sec.) Diff Setting, (Hz) Period, (Sec.) (Hz)
Page 261: Chapter 12 Power Protection Functions
CHAPTER 12 POWER PROTECTION FUNCTIONS...
Page 262 Chapter 12 - Power Protection Functions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 263: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 12 - Power Protection Functions CHAPTER OVERVIEW Reverse power protection is used to detect the inverse flow of energy and to ensure that the motor does not feed the fault which has appeared on the network. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Reverse Power Protection P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 264: Reverse Power Protection
The Reverse Power protection in the P24DM has a single reverse power threshold Rev P< Power Set. If this setting is reached, the reverse power protection trips in a time equal to the time delay setting Rev P< Time Delay. A drop- off time, Rev P<...
Page 265: Chapter 13 Monitoring And Control
CHAPTER 13 MONITORING AND CONTROL...
Page 266 Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 267: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control CHAPTER OVERVIEW As well as providing a range of protection functions, the product includes comprehensive monitoring and control functionality. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Event Records Disturbance Recorder Measurements CB Condition Monitoring CB State Monitoring Circuit Breaker Control Pole Dead Function...
Page 268: Event Records
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM EVENT RECORDS General Electric devices record events in an event log. This allows you to establish the sequence of events that led up to a particular situation. For example, a change in a digital input signal or protection element output signal would cause an event record to be created and stored in the event log.
Page 269: Opto-Input Events
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control Standard events are further sub-categorised internally to include different pieces of information. These are: Protection events (starts and trips) ● ● Maintenance record events Platform events ● Note: The first event in the list (event 0) is the most recent event to have occurred. 2.1.1 OPTO-INPUT EVENTS If one or more of the opto-inputs has changed state since the last time the protection algorithm ran (which runs at...
Page 270 Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM Alarm Status 1 Bit Mask Bit No. Alarm Description 2nd register, 1st register Bit 0 0x0000, 0x0001 Thermal Lockout Bit 1 0x0000, 0x0002 Unused Bit 2 0x0000, 0x0004 SG-opto Invalid ON/OFF Bit 3 0x0000, 0x0008 Prot'n Disabled ON/OFF Bit 4...
Page 271 P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control Bit Mask Bit No. Alarm Description 2nd register, 1st register Bit 4 0x0000, 0x0008 Antibkspin Alarm (motor protection models only) Bit 5 0x0000, 0x0010 User Alarm 8 Bit 6 0x0000, 0x0020 User Alarm 9 Bit 7 0x0000, 0x0040 User Alarm 10...
Page 272 Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM Bit Mask Bit No. Alarm Description 2nd register, 1st register Bit 8 0x00000080 Unused Bit 9 0x00000100 Bad TCP/IP Cfg. Bit 10 0x00000200 Unused Bit 11 0x00000400 NIC Link Fail Bit 12 0x00000800 NIC SW Mis-Match Bit 13 0x00001000...
Page 273 P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control Bit Mask Bit No. Alarm Description 2nd register, 1st register Bit 23 0x00400000 Unused Bit 24 0x00800000 Unused Bit 25 0x01000000 Unused Bit 26 0x02000000 Unused Bit 27 0x04000000 Unused Bit 28 0x08000000 Unused Bit 29 0x10000000...
Page 274: Fault Record Events
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM Bit Mask Bit No. Alarm Description 2nd register, 1st register Bit 26 0x0200,0x0000 User Alarm 26 Bit 27 0x0400,0x0000 User Alarm 27 Bit 28 0x0800,0x0000 User Alarm 28 Bit 29 0x1000,0x0000 User Alarm 29 Bit 30 0x2000,0x0000 User Alarm 30...
Page 275: Maintenance Events
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control The event type description shown in the Event Text cell displays the type of change. 2.1.6 MAINTENANCE EVENTS Internal failures detected by the self-test procedures are logged as maintenance records. Maintenance records are special types of standard events.
Page 276: Disturbance Recorder
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM DISTURBANCE RECORDER The disturbance recorder feature allows you to record selected current and voltage inputs to the protection elements, together with selected digital signals. The digital signals may be inputs, outputs, or internal DDB signals. The disturbance records can be extracted using the disturbance record viewer in the settings application software.
Page 277: Measurements
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control MEASUREMENTS MEASURED QUANTITIES The device measures directly and calculates a number of system quantities, which are updated every second. You can view these values in the relevant MEASUREMENT columns or with the Measurement Viewer in the settings application software.
Page 278: Demand Values
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM Measurement Mode Parameter Signing Export Power – Import Power Lagging Vars – Leading VArs The device also calculates the per-phase and three-phase power factors. These power values increment the total real and total reactive energy measurements. Separate energy measurements are maintained for the total exported and imported energy.
Page 279: Opto-Input Time Stamping
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control OPTO-INPUT TIME STAMPING Each opto-input sample is time stamped within a tolerance of +/- 1 ms with respect to the Real Time Clock. These time stamps are used for the opto event logs and for the disturbance recording. The device needs to be synchronised accurately to an external clock source such as an IRIG-B signal or a master clock signal provided in the relevant data protocol.
Page 280: Cb Condition Monitoring
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM CB CONDITION MONITORING The device records various statistics related to each circuit breaker trip operation, allowing an accurate assessment of the circuit breaker condition to be determined. The circuit breaker condition monitoring counters are incremented every time the device issues a trip command.
Page 281: Setting The Thresholds For The Operating Time
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control 5.1.3 SETTING THE THRESHOLDS FOR THE OPERATING TIME Slow CB operation indicates the need for mechanism maintenance. Alarm and lockout thresholds (CB Time Maint and CB Time Lockout) are provided to enforce this. They can be set in the range of 5 to 500 ms. This time relates to the interrupting time of the circuit breaker.
Page 282: Cb State Monitoring
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM CB STATE MONITORING CB State monitoring is used to verify the open or closed state of a circuit breaker. Most circuit breakers have auxiliary contacts through which they transmit their status (open or closed) to control equipment such as IEDs. These auxiliary contacts are known as: 52A for contacts that follow the state of the CB ●...
Page 283: Cb State Monitoring Logic
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control CB STATE MONITORING LOGIC CB Statu s Input None 52 A 52 B Both 52A and 52B & CB Aux 3p h(5 2-A) & CB Closed 3 ph & Plant Status CB1 Close d CB1 Open &...
Page 284: Circuit Breaker Control
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROL Although some circuit breakers do not provide auxiliary contacts, most provide auxiliary contacts to reflect the state of the circuit breaker. These are: CBs with 52A contacts (where the auxiliary contact follows the state of the CB) ●...
Page 285: Cb Control Using The Hotkeys
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control For this to work you have to set the CB control by cell to option 1 Local, option 3 Local + Remote, option 5 Opto+Local, or option 7 Opto+Local+Remote in the CB CONTROL column. CB CONTROL USING THE HOTKEYS The hotkeys allow you to manually trip and close the CB without the need to enter the SYSTEM DATA column.
Page 286: Cb Control Using The Opto-Inputs
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM default PSL is set up such that Function key 2 initiates a trip and Function key 3 initiates a close. For this to work you have to set the CB control by cell to option 5 Opto+Local, or option 7 Opto+Local+Remote in the CB CONTROL column.
Page 287: Cb Healthy Check
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control Protection Trip Trip Remote Control Trip Close Remote Control Close Local Remote Close Trip E01207 Figure 124: Remote Control of Circuit Breaker CB HEALTHY CHECK A CB Healthy check is available if required. This facility accepts an input to one of the opto-inputs to indicate that the breaker is capable of closing (e.g.
Page 288: Cb Control Logic
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM CB CONTROL LOGIC CB Control Disabled Opto Local Opto+Local Enable opt o-initiated CB trip and close Remote Opto+Remote Local+Remote Opto+Rem+Local HMI Trip Control Trip & & Init Trip CB & Man CB Trip Fail &...
Page 289: Pole Dead Function
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control POLE DEAD FUNCTION The Pole Dead Logic is used to determine and indicate that one or more phases of the line are not energised. A Pole Dead condition is determined either by measuring: the line currents and/or voltages, or ●...
Page 290: System Checks
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM SYSTEM CHECKS In some situations it is necessary to check that the network conditions are suitable for some protection functions (unbalance conditions, blocking conditions). The System Checks functionality involves monitoring the voltages on the source side of a circuit breaker and indicate live line or dead line accordingly.
Page 291: Switch Status And Control
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control SWITCH STATUS AND CONTROL All P40 Agile products support Switch Status and Control for up to 8 switchgear elements in an IEC61850 substation. The device is able to monitor the status of and control up to eight switches. The types of switch that can be controlled are: Load Break switch ●...
Page 292: Switch Status Logic
Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM These settings allow you to control the width of the open and close pulses. SWI1 Sta Alrm T This setting allows you to define the duration of wait timer before the relay raises a status alarm. SWI1 Trp Alrm T and SWI1 Cls Alrm T These settings allow you to control the delay of the open and close alarms when the final switch status is not in line with expected status.
Page 293: Switch Control Logic
P24xM Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control 10.2 SWITCH CONTROL LOGIC SWI1 Co ntrol by SWI1 Co ntrol by & Lo ca l Lo ca l Lo ca l+Re mote Lo ca l+Re mote & Remot e Remot e Lo ca l Lo ca l Remot e Remot e...
Page 294 Chapter 13 - Monitoring and Control P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 295: Chapter 14 Supervision
CHAPTER 14 SUPERVISION...
Page 296 Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 297: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter describes the supervison functions. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview DC Supply Monitor Voltage Transformer Supervision Current Transformer Supervision Trip Circuit Supervision P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 298: Dc Supply Monitor
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM DC SUPPLY MONITOR This product can be powered using either a DC or AC supply. As a DC supply is normally used, a DC Supply Monitoring feature is included to indicate the DC supply status. The nominal DC Station supply is 48 V DC, which is provided by a bank of batteries.
Page 299: Dc Supply Monitor Logic
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision DC SUPPLY MONITOR LOGIC Vdc1 Start Vdc1 Lower Limit & Vdc1 Trip Vdc1 Upper Limit Vdc1 Status Enabled InhibitDC SupMon Vdc1 Time Delay V01220 Figure 131: DC Supply Monitor logic The diagram above shows the DC supply monitoring logic for stage 1 only. Stages 2 and 3 are identical in principle. The logic function will work when the Vdc1 status setting cell is Enabled and the DC Supply Monitoring inhibit signal (InhibitDC SupMon) is low.
Page 300: Voltage Transformer Supervision
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION The Voltage Transformer Supervision (VTS) function is used to detect failure of the AC voltage inputs to the protection. This may be caused by voltage transformer faults, overloading, or faults on the wiring, which usually results in one or more of the voltage transformer fuses blowing.
Page 301: Vts Implementation
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision If the line is closed where a three-phase VT failure is present, the overcurrent detector will not operate and a VTS block will be applied. Closing onto a three-phase fault will result in operation of the overcurrent detector and prevent a VTS block being applied.
Page 302: Figure 132: Vts Logic
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM All Poles Dead VTS I> Inhibit VTS I> Inhibit VTS I> Inhibit VTS PickupThresh & & VTS PickupThresh & VTS Slow Block VTS PickupThresh Delta IA & VTS Fast Block Hardcoded threshold Delta IB & Hardcoded threshold Delta IC Hardcoded threshold...
Page 303: Vts Acceleration Indication Logic
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision VTS ACCELERATION INDICATION LOGIC Trip Command In VTS Acc Ind V02001 Figure 133: VTS Acceleration Indication Logic P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 304: Current Transformer Supervision
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM CURRENT TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION The Current Transformer Supervision function (CTS) is used to detect failure of the AC current inputs to the protection. This may be caused by internal current transformer faults, overloading, or faults on the wiring. If there is a failure of the AC current input, the protection could misinterpret this as a failure of the actual phase currents on the power system, which could result in maloperation.
Page 305: Application Notes
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision APPLICATION NOTES 4.3.1 SETTING GUIDELINES The residual voltage setting, CTS VN< Inhibit and the residual current setting, CTS IN> Set, should be set to avoid unwanted operation during healthy system conditions. For example: CTS VN< Inhibit should be set to 120% of the maximum steady state residual voltage. ●...
Page 306: Trip Circuit Supervision
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION In most protection schemes, the trip circuit extends beyond the IED enclosure and passes through components such as links, relay contacts, auxiliary switches and other terminal boards. Such complex arrangements may require dedicated schemes for their supervision. There are two distinctly separate parts to the trip circuit;...
Page 307: Psl For Tcs Scheme 1
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision Trip Circuit Voltage Resistor R1 30/34 820 Ohms at 2 Watts 48/54 1.2 kOhms at 5 Watts 110/125 2.7 kOhms at 10 Watts 220/250 5.2 kOhms at 15 Watts Warning: If your IED has Opto Mode settings available in the OPTO CONFIG column, these MUST be set to TCS for any corresponding Opto Inputs(s) used for Trip Circuit Supervision.
Page 308: Resistor Values
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM Trip Output Relay Trip coil Trip path Opto-input 1 Circuit Breaker Opto-input 2 V01215 Figure 137: TCS Scheme 2 When the breaker is closed, supervision current passes through opto input 1 and the trip coil. When the breaker is open current flows through opto input 2 and the trip coil.
Page 309: Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme 3
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION SCHEME 3 TCS Scheme 3 is designed to provide supervision of the trip coil with the breaker open or closed. It provides pre- closing supervision of the trip path. Since only one opto-input is used, this scheme is not compatible with latched trip contacts.
Page 310: Psl For Tcs Scheme 3
Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM 5.3.2 PSL FOR TCS SCHEME 3 Opto Input dropoff *Output Relay Straight & Latching pickup User Alarm V01217 *NC stands for Normally Closed. Figure 140: PSL for TCS Scheme 3 TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION SCHEME 4 Scheme 4 is identical to that offered by MVAX31 (a Trip Circuit Supervision relay) and consequently is fully compliant with ENA Specification H7.
Page 311: Resistor Values
P24xM Chapter 14 - Supervision Recommended Scheme Opto Connections and Settings I/O option G or J I/O Option F I/O Option C Opto Input 1 Opto Input 2 Opto Input 4 Opto Input 5 Opto Input 6 Opto Input 9 Opto Input 10 Opto Input 11 (Mode Setting)
Page 312 Chapter 14 - Supervision P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 313: Chapter 15 Digital I/O And Psl Configuration
CHAPTER 15 DIGITAL I/O AND PSL CONFIGURATION...
Page 314 Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 315: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic) Editor, and describes the configuration of the digital inputs and outputs. It provides an outline of scheme logic concepts and the PSL Editor. This is followed by details about allocation of the digital inputs and outputs, which require the use of the PSL Editor.
Page 316: Configuring Digital Inputs And Outputs
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM CONFIGURING DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS Configuration of the digital inputs and outputs in this product is very flexible. You can use a combination of settings and programmable logic to customise them to your application. You can access some of the settings using the keypad on the front panel, but you will need a computer running the settings application software to fully interrogate and configure the properties of the digital inputs and outputs.
Page 317: Scheme Logic
P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration SCHEME LOGIC The product is supplied with pre-loaded Fixed Scheme Logic (FSL) and Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL). The Scheme Logic is a functional module within the IED, through which all mapping of inputs to outputs is handled. The scheme logic can be split into two parts;...
Page 318: Psl Editor
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM PSL EDITOR The Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) is a module of programmable logic gates and timers in the IED, which can be used to create customised logic to qualify how the product manages its response to system conditions. The IED's digital inputs are combined with internally generated digital signals using logic gates, timers, and conditioners.
Page 319: Configuring The Opto-Inputs
P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration CONFIGURING THE OPTO-INPUTS The number of optically isolated status inputs (opto-inputs) depends on the specific model supplied. The use of the inputs will depend on the application, and their allocation is defined in the programmable scheme logic (PSL). In addition to the PSL assignment, you also need to specify the expected input voltage.
Page 320: Assigning The Output Relays
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM ASSIGNING THE OUTPUT RELAYS Relay contact action is controlled using the PSL. DDB signals are mapped in the PSL and drive the output relays. The driving of an output relay is controlled by means of a relay output conditioner. Several choices are available for how output relay contacts are conditioned.
Page 321: Fixed Function Leds
P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration FIXED FUNCTION LEDS Four fixed-function LEDs on the left-hand side of the front panel indicate the following conditions. Trip (Red) switches ON when the IED issues a trip signal. It is reset when the associated fault record is ●...
Page 322: Configuring Programmable Leds
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM CONFIGURING PROGRAMMABLE LEDS There are three types of programmable LED signals which vary according to the model being used. These are: Single-colour programmable LED. These are red when illuminated. ● Tri-colour programmable LED. These can be illuminated red, green, or amber. ●...
Page 323 P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration Note: All LED DDB signals are always shown in the PSL Editor. However, the actual number of LEDs depends on the device hardware. For example, if a small 20TE device has only 4 programmable LEDs, LEDs 5-8 will not take effect even if they are mapped in the PSL.
Page 324: Function Keys
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM FUNCTION KEYS For most models, a number of programmable function keys are available. This allows you to assign function keys to control functionality via the programmable scheme logic (PSL). Each function key is associated with a programmable tri-colour LED, which you can program to give the desired indication on activation of the function key.
Page 325: Control Inputs
P24xM Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration CONTROL INPUTS The control inputs are software switches, which can be set or reset locally or remotely. These inputs can be used to trigger any PSL function to which they are connected. There are three setting columns associated with the control inputs: CONTROL INPUTS, CTRL I/P CONFIG and CTRL I/P LABELS.
Page 326: Inter-Psl Inputs And Outputs
Chapter 15 - Digital I/O and PSL Configuration P24xM INTER-PSL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS To make the design of PSL schemes easier, P40 Agile provides a range of DDB signals for conncting PSL Inputs to PSL Outputs. these are called Inter-PSL inputs and outputs. This facility allows you to map many PSL input signals to a single Inter-PSL output signal, many PSL output signals to a single Inter-PSL input signal, and to join the Inter- PSL input signal to an Inter-PSL output signal.
Page 327: Chapter 16 Communications
CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS...
Page 328 Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 329: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications CHAPTER OVERVIEW This product supports Substation Automation System (SAS), and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) communication. The support embraces the evolution of communications technologies that have taken place since microprocessor technologies were introduced into protection, control, and monitoring devices which are now ubiquitously known as Intelligent Electronic Devices for the substation (IEDs).
Page 330: Communication Interfaces
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM COMMUNICATION INTERFACES The MiCOM P40 Agile products have a number of standard and optional communication interfaces. The standard and optional hardware and protocols are summarised below: Port Availability Physical Layer Data Protocols Local settings Front Standard Courier Firmware download...
Page 331: Serial Communication
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications SERIAL COMMUNICATION The physical layer standards that are used for serial communications for SCADA purposes are: Universal Serial Bus (USB) ● EIA(RS)485 (often abbreviated to RS485) ● ● K-Bus (a proprietary customization of RS485) USB is a relatively new standard, which replaces EIA(RS232) for local communication with the IED (for transferring settings and downloading firmware updates) RS485 is similar to RS232 but for longer distances and it allows daisy-chaining and multi-dropping of IEDs.
Page 332: Eia(Rs)485 Biasing Requirements
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM 3.2.1 EIA(RS)485 BIASING REQUIREMENTS Biasing requires that the signal lines be weakly pulled to a defined voltage level of about 1 V. There should only be one bias point on the bus, which is best situated at the master connection point. The DC source used for the bias must be clean to prevent noise being injected.
Page 333: Figure 146: Remote Communication Using K-Bus
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications RS232 K-Bus Computer RS232-USB converter KITZ protocol converter V01001 Figure 146: Remote communication using K-Bus Note: An RS232-USB converter is only needed if the local computer does not provide an RS232 port. Further information about K-Bus is available in the publication R6509: K-Bus Interface Guide, which is available on request.
Page 334: Standard Ethernet Communication
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM STANDARD ETHERNET COMMUNICATION The Ethernet interface is required for either IEC 61850 and/or DNP3 over Ethernet (protocol must be selected at time of order). With either of these protocols, the Ethernet interface also offers communication with MiCOM S1 for remote configuration and record extraction.
Page 335: Redundant Ethernet Communication
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications REDUNDANT ETHERNET COMMUNICATION Redundancy is required where a single point of failure cannot be tolerated. It is required in critical applications such as substation automation. Redundancy acts as an insurance policy, providing an alternative route if one route fails.
Page 336: High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (Hsr)
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Boxes (sometimes abbreviated to RedBox). Devices with a single Ethernet port that connect to both LANs by means of a RedBox are known as Virtual DAN (VDAN). The figure below summarises DAN, SAN, VDAN, LAN, and RedBox connectivity. LAN B LAN A REDUNDANCY...
Page 337: Hsr Unicast Topology
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Source DANH DANH Redbox Switch C frame D frame D frame A frame B frame Singly Attached Nodes D frame D frame D frame DANH DANH DANH V01030 Figure 148: HSR multicast topology Only about half of the network bandwidth is available in HSR for multicast or broadcast frames because both duplicate frames A &...
Page 338: Hsr Application In The Substation
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Source DANH DANH Redbox Switch C frame A frame B frame Singly Attached Nodes D frame DANH DANH DANH Destination V01031 Figure 149: HSR unicast topology For unicast frames, the whole bandwidth is available as both frames A & B stop at the destination node. 5.3.3 HSR APPLICATION IN THE SUBSTATION P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 339: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications T1000 switch PC SCADA LINK reset LINK DS Agile gateways Px4x Px4x Px4x Px4x Px4x Px4x Px4x Px4x Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 E01066 Figure 150: HSR application in the substation RAPID SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL RSTP is a standard used to quickly reconnect a network fault by finding an alternative path.
Page 340: Configuring Ip Address
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM CONFIGURING IP ADDRESS The redundant Ethernet facility does not have any special IP address configuration requirements. There is just one IP address for the device, which can be configured using the IEC61850 configurator as for a standard Ethernet device.
Page 341: Data Protocols
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications DATA PROTOCOLS The products supports a wide range of protocols to make them applicable to many industries and applications. The exact data protocols supported by a particular product depend on its chosen application, but the following table gives a list of the data protocols that are typically available.
Page 342: Settings Categories
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Addresses in the database are specified as hexadecimal values, for example, 0A02 is column 0A row 02. Associated settings or data are part of the same column. Row zero of the column has a text string to identify the contents of the column and to act as a column heading.
Page 343 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Once an event has been extracted, the Accept Event command can be used to confirm that the event has been successfully extracted. When all events have been extracted, the Event bit is reset. If there are more events still to be extracted, the next event can be accessed using the Send Event command as before.
Page 344: Disturbance Record Extraction
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM event number value returned in the record. The extended data can be extracted from the IED by uploading the text and data from the column. 6.1.6 DISTURBANCE RECORD EXTRACTION The stored disturbance records are accessible through the Courier interface. The records are extracted using column (B4).
Page 345 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Move to the first cell down (RP1 protocol). This is a non-settable cell, which shows the chosen communication protocol – in this case Courier. COMMUNICATIONS RP1 Protocol Courier Move down to the next cell (RP1 Address). This cell controls the address of the RP1 port on thje device. Up to 32 IEDs can be connected to one spur.
Page 346: Physical Connection And Link Layer
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Move down to the next cell (RP1 Port Config). This cell controls the type of serial connection. Select between K-Bus or RS485. COMMUNICATIONS RP1 Port Config K-Bus If using EIA(RS)485, the next cell (RP1 Comms Mode) selects the communication mode. The choice is either IEC 60870 FT1.2 for normal operation with 11-bit modems, or 10-bit no parity.
Page 347: Initialisation
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications 6.2.2 INITIALISATION Whenever the device has been powered up, or if the communication parameters have been changed a reset command is required to initialize the communications. The device will respond to either of the two reset commands;...
Page 348: Disturbance Records
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM event will be produced to indicate both entry to and exit from test mode. Spontaneous events and cyclic measured data transmitted whilst the device is in test mode will have a COT of ‘test mode’. 6.2.9 DISTURBANCE RECORDS The disturbance records are stored in uncompressed format and can be extracted using the standard...
Page 349: Dnp
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Move down to the next cell (RP1 Meas Period). The next cell down controls the period between IEC 60870-5-103 measurements. The IEC 60870-5-103 protocol allows the IED to supply measurements at regular intervals. The interval between measurements is controlled by this cell, and can be set between 1 and 60 seconds.
Page 350: Object 1 Binary Inputs
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM With DNP3 Over Ethernet, a maximum of 10 Clients can be configured. They are configured using the DNP3 Configurator The IED address and baud rate can be selected using the front panel menu or by a suitable application such as MiCOM Agile.
Page 351: Object 20 Binary Counters
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Many of the IED’s functions are configurable so some of the Object 10 commands described in the following sections may not be available. A read from Object 10 reports the point as off-line and an operate command to Object 12 generates an error response.
Page 352: Dnp3 Device Profile
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM If the clock is being synchronized using the IRIG-B input then it will not be possible to set the device time using the Courier interface. An attempt to set the time using the interface will cause the device to create an event with the current date and time taken from the IRIG-B synchronized internal clock.
Page 353 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications DNP 3.0 Device Profile Document Maximum Data Link Retries: Fixed at 2 Maximum Application Layer Retries: None Requires Data Link Layer Confirmation: Configurable to Never or Always Requires Application Layer Confirmation: When reporting event data (Slave devices only) When sending multi-fragment responses (Slave devices only) Timeouts while waiting for: Data Link Confirm:...
Page 354 Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM DNP 3.0 Device Profile Document Counters Roll Over at: 32 bits Sends multi-fragment responses: Sequential File Transfer Support: Append File Mode Custom Status Code Strings Permissions Field File Events Assigned to Class File Events Send Immediately Multiple Blocks in a Fragment Max Number of Files Open 6.3.8.2...
Page 355 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Request Response Object (Library will parse) (Library will respond with) Function Codes (dec) Qualifier Codes Function Codes Qualifier Codes (hex) Object Variation Description (dec) Number Number (hex) 16-Bit Binary Counter with Flag (read) 00, 01 (start-stop) 129 response 00, 01...
Page 356 Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Request Response Object (Library will parse) (Library will respond with) Function Codes (dec) Qualifier Codes Function Codes Qualifier Codes (hex) Object Variation Description (dec) Number Number (hex) 32-Bit Analog Input (read) 00, 01 (start-stop) 129 response 00, 01 (start-stop) (no range, or all)
Page 357 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Request Response Object (Library will parse) (Library will respond with) Function Codes (dec) Qualifier Codes Function Codes Qualifier Codes (hex) Object Variation Description (dec) Number Number (hex) 32-Bit Analog Output Status (read) 00, 01 (start-stop) 129 response 00, 01 (start-stop)
Page 358 Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Note: A Default variation refers to the variation responded to when variation 0 is requested and/or in class 0, 1, 2, or 3 scans. Note: For static (non-change-event) objects, qualifiers 17 or 28 are only responded to when a request is sent with qualifiers 17 or 28, respectively.
Page 359 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Indication Description Supported The relay does not have the specified objects or there are no objects assigned to the requested class. Requested object(s) unknown This IIN should be used for debugging purposes and usually indicates a mismatch in device profiles or configuration problems.
Page 360: Dnp3 Configuration
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM 6.3.9 DNP3 CONFIGURATION To configure the device: Select the CONFIGURATION column and check that the Comms settings cell is set to Visible. Select the COMMUNICATIONS column. Move to the first cell down (RP1 protocol). This is a non-settable cell, which shows the chosen communication protocol –...
Page 361: Dnp3 Unsolicited Reporting
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications configuration takes effect after the download is complete. To restore the default configuration at any time, from the CONFIGURATION column, select the Restore Defaults cell then select All Settings. In MiCOM S1 Agile, the DNP3.0 data is shown in three main folders, one folder each for the point configuration, integer scaling and default variation (data format).
Page 362: Response Codes
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM 04: Read Input Registers ● 06: Preset Single Register ● 08: Diagnostics ● 11: Fetch Communication Event Counter ● ● 12: Fetch Communication Event Log 16: Preset Multiple Registers 127 max ● These are interpreted by the MiCOM IED in the following way: 01: Read status of output contacts (0xxxx addresses) ●...
Page 363: Event Extraction
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Note: MODBUS convention is to document register addresses as ordinal values whereas the actual protocol addresses are literal values. The MiCOM relays begin their register addresses at zero. Therefore, the first register in a memory page is register address zero.
Page 364: Disturbance Record Extraction
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM MODBUS Event Description Length Comments Address This indicates the MODBUS register address where the change occurred. Alarm 30011 Relays 30723 Optos 30725 MODBUS Address 30110 Protection events – like the relay and opto addresses this will map onto the MODBUS address of the appropriate DDB status register depending on which bit of the DDB the change occurred.
Page 365 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications MODBUS Register Name Description This register is used to manually select disturbance records. The values written to this cell are an offset of the unique identifier value for the Manual disturbance record 4x00250 oldest record. The offset value, which ranges from 0 to the Number of selection register stored disturbances - 1, is added to the identifier of the oldest record to generate the identifier of the required record.
Page 366: Figure 153: Manual Selection Of A Disturbance Record
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Start Get number of disturbances from register 3x00800 Are there disturbances? Get oldest disturbance ID from register 3x00801 Select required disturbance by writing the ID value of the required record to register 4x00250 Get disturbance time stamp Extract disturbance data from registers 3x00930 –...
Page 367: Figure 154: Automatic Selection Of Disturbance Record - Method 1
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Start Read status word from register 3x0001 Is disturbance bit (bit 4) set? Error Select next oldest non- extracted record by writing 0x04 to register 4x00400 Send command to accept Extract disturbance data record by writing 0x08 to register 4x00400 V01004 Figure 154: Automatic selection of disturbance record - method 1...
Page 368: Figure 155: Automatic Selection Of Disturbance Record - Method 2
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Start FirstTime = True Read status word from register 3x0001 FirstTime = True Is disturbance bit (bit 4) set? Select next oldest non- Is FirstTime = extracted record by writing True? 0x04 to register 4x00400 FirstTime = False Send command to accept Error...
Page 369: Figure 156: Configuration File Extraction
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Extracting the Comtrade configuration file Start (Record selected) To parent procedure Busy Read DR status value from register 3x00934 Check DR status for error conditions or Error Busy status Configuration complete Other What is the value of DR status? Page ready Read number of...
Page 370: Figure 157: Data File Extraction
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Extracting the comtrade data file Start (Configuration complete) Send ‘Select Data File’ to register 4x00400 To parent procedure Busy Read DR status value from register 3x00934 Check DR status for error conditions or Error Busy status Record complete Other What is the value...
Page 371: Setting Changes
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Value State Description No unextracted An attempt was made by the master station to automatically select the next oldest unextracted disturbances disturbance when all records have been extracted. Not a valid disturbance An attempt was made by the master station to manually select a record that did not exist in the relay. Command out of The master station issued a command to the relay that was not expected during the extraction process.
Page 372: Time Synchronisation
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM 6.4.10 TIME SYNCHRONISATION The date-time data type G12 allows real date and time information to be conveyed to a resolution of 1 ms. The structure of the data type is compliant with the IEC 60870-5-4 Binary Time 2a format. The seven bytes of the date/time frame are packed into four 16-bit registers and are transmitted in sequence starting from byte 1.
Page 373: Power And Energy Measurement Data Formats
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications 6.4.11 POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT DATA FORMATS The power and energy measurements are available in two data formats: Data Type G29: an integer format using 3 registers Data Type G125: a 32 bit floating point format using 2 registers The G29 registers are listed in the first part of the MEASUREMENTS 2 column of the Courier database.
Page 374: Modbus Configuration
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Register Address Data read from these registers Format of the data 3x00329 57928 The Equivalent G27 value = [2 * Value in the address 3x00328 + Value in the address 3x00329] = 216*2 + 57928 = 189000 The Equivalent value of power G29 = G28 * Equivalent G27 =116 * 189000 =21.92 MW Note:...
Page 375: Iec 61850
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Move down to the next cell (RP1 Baud Rate). This cell controls the baud rate to be used. Six baud rates are supported by the IED 1200 bits/s, 2400 bits/s, 4800 bits/s, 9600 bits/s, 19200 bits/s and 38400 bits/s. Make sure that the baud rate selected on the IED is the same as that set on the master station.
Page 376: Iec 61850 Interoperability
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM Ethernet, which is becoming more and more widely used in substations, in favour of RS485. Using Ethernet in the substation offers many advantages, most significantly including: Ethernet allows high-speed data rates (currently 100 Mbps, rather than tens of kbps or less used by most ●...
Page 377: Iec 61850 In Micom Ieds
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications Layer Description Identifies the major functional areas within the IEC 61850 data model. Either 3 or 6 characters are used as a prefix to define the functional group (wrapper) while the actual functionality is identified by a 4 character Logical Node name suffixed by an instance number.
Page 378: Iec 61850 Peer-To-Peer (Goose) Communications
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM 6.5.7 IEC 61850 PEER-TO-PEER (GOOSE) COMMUNICATIONS The implementation of IEC 61850 Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) enables faster communication between IEDs offering the possibility for a fast and reliable system-wide distribution of input and output data values.
Page 379: Iec 61850 Configuration
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications 6.5.9.2 LOSS OF POWER The IED allows the re-establishment of associations without disruption of its operation, even after its power has been removed. As the IED acts as a server in this process, the client must request the association. Uncommitted settings are cancelled when power is lost, and reports requested by connected clients are reset.
Page 380: Concurrent Iec 61850 And Dnp3.0 Operation
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM The IED can be configured to accept data from other networks using the Gateway setting. If multiple networks are used, the IP addresses must be unique across networks. CONCURRENT IEC 61850 AND DNP3.0 OPERATION No Redundancy Simultaneous IEC 61850 and DNP3.0 operation may be achieved using single or dual IP addresses.
Page 381 P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications IEC61850 CONFIG. IP Address 192.168.1.1 To confirm the IP address setting for DNP, navigate to the Device’s DNP SETTINGS column and check the IP Address setting: DNP SETTINGS IP Address 192.168.1.1 Note: It is recommended that a maximum of two communication protocols are configured to operate concurrently. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 382: Read Only Mode
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM READ ONLY MODE With IEC 61850 and Ethernet/Internet communication capabilities, security has become an important issue. For this reason, all relevant General Electric IEDs have been adapted to comply with the latest cyber-security standards. In addition to this, a facility is provided which allows you to enable or disable the communication interfaces. This feature is available for products using Courier, IEC 60870-5-103, or IEC 61850.
Page 383: Iec 61850 Protocol Blocking
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications The following commands are still allowed: Read settings, statuses, measurands ● ● Read records (event, fault, disturbance) Time Synchronisation ● Change active setting group ● IEC 61850 PROTOCOL BLOCKING If Read-Only Mode is enabled for the Ethernet interfacing with IEC 61850, the following commands are blocked at the interface: All controls, including: ●...
Page 384: Time Synchronisation
Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM TIME SYNCHRONISATION In modern protection schemes it is necessary to synchronise the IED's real time clock so that events from different devices can be time stamped and placed in chronological order. This is achieved in various ways depending on the chosen options and communication protocols.
Page 385: Demodulated Irig-B Implementation
P24xM Chapter 16 - Communications The first four time-slots define the time in BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). Time-slots 5 and 6 are used for control functions, which control deletion commands and allow different data groupings within the synchronisation strings. Time-slots 7-10 define the time in SBS (Straight Binary Second of day). 8.1.1 DEMODULATED IRIG-B IMPLEMENTATION All models have the option of accepting a demodulated IRIG-B input.
Page 386 Chapter 16 - Communications P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 387: Chapter 17 Cyber-Security
CHAPTER 17 CYBER-SECURITY...
Page 388 Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 389: Overview
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security OVERVIEW In the past, substation networks were traditionally isolated and the protocols and data formats used to transfer information between devices were often proprietary. For these reasons, the substation environment was very secure against cyber-attacks. The terms used for this inherent type of security are: Security by isolation (if the substation network is not connected to the outside world, it cannot be accessed ●...
Page 390: The Need For Cyber-Security
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM THE NEED FOR CYBER-SECURITY Cyber-security provides protection against unauthorised disclosure, transfer, modification, or destruction of information or information systems, whether accidental or intentional. To achieve this, there are several security requirements: Confidentiality (preventing unauthorised access to information) ●...
Page 391: Standards
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security STANDARDS There are several standards, which apply to substation cyber-security. The standards currently applicable to General Electric IEDs are NERC and IEEE1686. Standard Country Description NERC CIP (North American Electric Reliability Framework for the protection of the grid critical Cyber Assets Corporation) BDEW (German Association of Energy and Water Requirements for Secure Control and Telecommunication...
Page 392: Cip 002
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM 3.1.1 CIP 002 CIP 002 concerns itself with the identification of: Critical assets, such as overhead lines and transformers ● Critical cyber assets, such as IEDs that use routable protocols to communicate outside or inside the ●...
Page 393: Cip 007
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security Power utility responsibilities: General Electric's contribution: Provide physical security controls and perimeter monitoring. General Electric cannot provide additional help with this aspect. Ensure that people who have access to critical cyber assets don’t have criminal records. 3.1.6 CIP 007 CIP 007 covers the following points:...
Page 394 Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM IED functions and features are assigned to different password levels. The assignment is fixed. ● The audit trail is recorded, listing events in the order in which they occur, held in a circular buffer. ● Records contain all defined fields from the standard and record all defined function event types where the ●...
Page 395: Cyber-Security Implementation
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security CYBER-SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION The General Electric IEDs have always been and will continue to be equipped with state-of-the-art security measures. Due to the ever-evolving communication technology and new threats to security, this requirement is not static. Hardware and software security measures are continuously being developed and implemented to mitigate the associated threats and risks.
Page 396: Four-Level Access
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM NERC compliant banner NERC Compliance NERC Compliance Warning Warning System Current Access Level Measurements System Voltage System Frequency Measurements System Power Plant Reference Measurements Description Date & Time V00403 Figure 160: Default display navigation FOUR-LEVEL ACCESS The menu structure contains four levels of access, three of which are password protected.
Page 397: Blank Passwords
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security Level Meaning Read Operation Write Operation All items writeable at level 1. Setting Cells that change visibility (Visible/Invisible). Setting Values (Primary/Secondary) selector Commands: Read All All data and settings are readable. Reset Indication Write Some Poll Measurements Reset Demand Reset Statistics...
Page 398: Password Rules
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM 4.2.2 PASSWORD RULES Default passwords are blank for Level 1 and are AAAA for Levels 2 and 3 ● Passwords may be any length between 0 and 8 characters long ● Passwords may or may not be NERC compliant ●...
Page 399: Password Validation
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security 4.3.2 PASSWORD VALIDATION The IED checks for NERC compliance. If the password is entered through the front panel, this is briefly displayed on the LCD. If the entered password is NERC compliant, the following text is displayed. NERC COMPLIANT P/WORD WAS SAVED If the password entered is not NERC-compliant, the user is required to actively confirm this, in which case the non-...
Page 400: Password Recovery
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM If you try to enter the password while the interface is blocked, the following message is displayed for 2 seconds. NOT ACCEPTED ENTRY IS BLOCKED A similar response occurs if you try to enter the password through a communications port. The parameters can then be configured using the Attempts Limit, Attempts Timer and Blocking Timer settings in the SECURITY CONFIG column.
Page 401: Password Encryption
P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security On this action, the following message is displayed: PASSWORDS HAVE BEEN SET TO DEFAULT The recovery password can be applied through any interface, local or remote. It will achieve the same result irrespective of which interface it is applied through. 4.4.2 PASSWORD ENCRYPTION The IED supports encryption for passwords entered remotely.
Page 402: Security Events Management
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM The following protocols can be disabled: IEC 61850 (IEC61850 setting) ● ● DNP3 Over Ethernet (DNP3 OE setting) Courier Tunnelling (Courier Tunnel setting) ● Note: If any of these protocols are enabled or disabled, the Ethernet card will reboot. SECURITY EVENTS MANAGEMENT To implement NERC-compliant cyber-security, a range of Event records need to be generated.
Page 403 P24xM Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security Event Value Display DNP STNG D/LOAD DNP SETTINGS DOWNLOADED BY {int} TRACE DAT D/LOAD TRACE DATA DOWNLOADED BY {int} IED CONFG D/LOAD IEC61850 CONFIG DOWNLOADED BY {int} USER CRV D/LOAD USER CURVES DOWNLOADED BY {int} GROUP {crv} PSL CONFG D/LOAD PSL CONFIG DOWNLOADED BY {int} GROUP {grp}...
Page 404: Logging Out
Chapter 17 - Cyber-Security P24xM crv is the Curve group number (1, 2, 3, 4) ● n is the new access level (0, 1, 2, 3) ● p is the password level (1, 2, 3) ● nov is the number of events (1 – nnn) ●...
Page 405: Chapter 18 Installation
CHAPTER 18 INSTALLATION...
Page 406 Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 407: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides information about installing the product. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Handling the Goods Mounting the Device Cables and Connectors Case Dimensions P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 408: Handling The Goods
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM HANDLING THE GOODS Our products are of robust construction but require careful treatment before installation on site. This section discusses the requirements for receiving and unpacking the goods, as well as associated considerations regarding product care and personal safety. Caution: Before lifting or moving the equipment you should be familiar with the Safety Information chapter of this manual.
Page 409: Mounting The Device
P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation MOUNTING THE DEVICE The products are available in the following forms For flush panel and rack mounting ● Software only (for upgrades) ● FLUSH PANEL MOUNTING Panel-mounted devices are flush mounted into panels using M4 SEMS Taptite self-tapping screws with captive 3 mm thick washers (also known as a SEMS unit).
Page 410: Software Only
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM Figure 161: Rack mounting of products Products can be mechanically grouped into single tier (4U) or multi-tier arrangements using the rack frame. This enables schemes using products from different product ranges to be pre-wired together before mounting. Use blanking plates to fill any empty spaces.
Page 411 P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation Caution: Do not attempt to upgrade an existing device if the software has not been licensed for that speciific device. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 412: Cables And Connectors
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM CABLES AND CONNECTORS This section describes the type of wiring and connections that should be used when installing the device. For pin- out details please refer to the Hardware Design chapter or the wiring diagrams. Caution: Before carrying out any work on the equipment you should be familiar with the Safety Section and the ratings on the equipment’s rating label.
Page 413: Earth Connnection
P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation Caution: Protect the auxiliary power supply wiring with a maximum 16 A high rupture capacity (HRC) type NIT or TIA fuse. EARTH CONNNECTION Every device must be connected to the cubicle earthing bar using the M4 earth terminal. Use a wire size of at least 2.5 mm terminated with a ring terminal.
Page 414: Watchdog Connections
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM WATCHDOG CONNECTIONS These should be wired with 1 mm PVC insulated multi-stranded copper wire terminated with M4 ring terminals. The wire should have a minimum voltage rating of 300 V RMS. EIA(RS)485 AND K-BUS CONNECTIONS For connecting the EIA(RS485) / K-Bus ports, use 2-core screened cable with a maximum total length of 1000 m or 200 nF total cable capacitance.
Page 415: Opto-Input Connections
P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation OPTO-INPUT CONNECTIONS These should be wired with 1 mm PVC insulated multi-stranded copper wire terminated with M4 ring terminals. Each opto-input has a selectable preset ½ cycle filter. This makes the input immune to noise induced on the wiring. This can, however slow down the response.
Page 416: Case Dimensions
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM CASE DIMENSIONS 99.0mm A = Clearance holes 10.5mm 78.0mm B = Mounting holes 159.0mm 168.0mm 243.1mm 23.5mm 52.0mm 8 holes 3.4mm 213.1mm 177.0mm 102.4mm E01403 Figure 164: 20TE case dimensions P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 417: Figure 165: 30Te Case Dimensions
P24xM Chapter 18 - Installation 151.0mm 10.75 129.5mm A = Clearance hole B = Mounting hole 159.0mm 168.0mm 242.7mm 8 holes 3.4mm 23.7mm 103.6mm 213.1mm 177.0mm 154.2mm E01404 Figure 165: 30TE case dimensions P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 418: Figure 166: 40Te Case Dimensions
Chapter 18 - Installation P24xM E01464 Figure 166: 40TE case dimensions P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 419: Chapter 19 Commissioning Instructions
CHAPTER 19 COMMISSIONING INSTRUCTIONS...
Page 420 Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 421: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview General Guidelines Commissioning Test Menu Commissioning Equipment Product Checks Setting Checks Protection Timing Checks Onload Checks Final Checks P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 422: General Guidelines
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM GENERAL GUIDELINES General Electric IEDs are self-checking devices and will raise an alarm in the unlikely event of a failure. This is why the commissioning tests are less extensive than those for non-numeric electronic devices or electro-mechanical relays.
Page 423: Commissioning Test Menu
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions COMMISSIONING TEST MENU The IED provides several test facilities under the COMMISSION TESTS menu heading. There are menu cells that allow you to monitor the status of the opto-inputs, output relay contacts, internal Digital Data Bus (DDB) signals and user-programmable LEDs.
Page 424: Test Pattern Cell
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM Caution: When the cell is in Test Mode, the Scheme Logic still drives the output relays, which could result in tripping of circuit breakers. To avoid this, set the Test Mode cell to Contacts Blocked. Note: Test mode and Contacts Blocked mode can also be selected by energising an opto-input mapped to the Test Mode signal, and the Contact Block signal respectively.
Page 425 P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions Note: When the status in both Red LED Status and Green LED Status cells is ‘1’, this indicates the LEDs illumination is yellow. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 426: Commissioning Equipment
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM COMMISSIONING EQUIPMENT Specialist test equipment is required to commission this product. We recognise three classes of equipment for commissioning : Recommended ● Essential ● Advisory ● Recommended equipment constitutes equipment that is both necessary, and sufficient, to verify correct performance of the principal protection functions.
Page 427: Advisory Test Equipment
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions ADVISORY TEST EQUIPMENT Advisory test equipment may be required for extended commissioning procedures: Current clamp meter ● ● Multi-finger test plug: P992 for test block type P991 ○ ○ MMLB for test block type MMLG blocks Electronic or brushless insulation tester with a DC output not exceeding 500 V ●...
Page 428: Product Checks
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM PRODUCT CHECKS These product checks are designed to ensure that the device has not been physically damaged prior to commissioning, is functioning correctly and that all input quantity measurements are within the stated tolerances. If the application-specific settings have been applied to the IED prior to commissioning, you should make a copy of the settings.
Page 429: Insulation
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions Check that the current transformer shorting switches in the case are wired into the correct circuit. Ensure that, during withdrawal, they are closed by checking with a continuity tester. The shorting switches are between terminals 21 and 22, 23 and 24, 25 and 26, and 27 and 28.
Page 430: Watchdog Contacts
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM The following group of tests verifies that the IED hardware and software is functioning correctly and should be carried out with the supply applied to the IED. 5.2.1 WATCHDOG CONTACTS Using a continuity tester, check that the Watchdog contacts are in the following states: Terminals Energised contact 3 - 5...
Page 431: Test Alarm And Out-Of-Service Leds
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions If any of these LEDs are ON then they should be reset before proceeding with further testing. If the LEDs successfully reset (the LED goes off), no testing is needed for that LED because it is obviously operational. 5.2.5 TEST ALARM AND OUT-OF-SERVICE LEDS The alarm and out of service LEDs can be tested using the COMMISSION TESTS menu column.
Page 432: Figure 167: Rp1 Physical Connection
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM connected equipment beyond any suppied protocol converter. It verifies operation of the rear communication port (and if applicable the protocol converter) and varies according to the protocol fitted. 5.2.10.1 CHECK PHYSICAL CONNECTIVITY The rear communication port RP1 is presented on terminals 54 and 56. Screened twisted pair cable is used to make a connection to the port.
Page 433: Test Serial Communication Port Rp2
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions RS232 K-Bus Computer RS232-USB converter KITZ protocol converter V01001 Figure 168: Remote communication using K-bus 5.2.10.2 CHECK LOGICAL CONNECTIVITY The logical connectivity depends on the chosen data protocol, but the principles of testing remain the same for all protocol variants: Ensure that the communications baud rate and parity settings in the application software are set the same as those on the protocol converter.
Page 434: Test Voltage Inputs
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM All devices leave the factory set for operation at a system frequency of 50 Hz. If operation at 60 Hz is required then this must be set in the Frequency cell in the SYSTEM DATA column. Apply current equal to the line current transformer secondary winding rating to each current transformer input in turn.
Page 435 P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions Corresponding VT ratio Cell in MEASUREMENTS 1 (in CT AND VT RATIOS column) 4th VT Voltage Mag 4th VT Primary / 4th VT Secondary P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 436: Setting Checks
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM SETTING CHECKS The setting checks ensure that all of the application-specific settings (both the IED’s function and programmable scheme logic settings) have been correctly applied. Note: If applicable, the trip circuit should remain isolated during these checks to prevent accidental operation of the associated circuit breaker.
Page 437 P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions Press the Enter key to confirm the new setting value or the Clear key to discard it. The new setting is automatically discarded if it is not confirmed within 15 seconds. For protection group settings and disturbance recorder settings, the changes must be confirmed before they are used.
Page 438: Protection Timing Checks
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM PROTECTION TIMING CHECKS There is no need to check every protection function. Only one protection function needs to be checked as the purpose is to verify the timing on the processor is functioning correctly. OVERCURRENT CHECK If the overcurrent protection function is being used, test the overcurrent protection for stage 1.
Page 439 P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions Operating time at twice current setting and time multiplier/ Characteristic time dial setting of 1.0 Nominal (seconds) Range (seconds) I>1 Time Delay setting Setting ±2% IEC S Inverse 10.03 9.53 - 10.53 IEC V Inverse 13.50 12.83 - 14.18 IEC E Inverse...
Page 440: Onload Checks
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM ONLOAD CHECKS Warning: Onload checks are potentially very dangerous and may only be carried out by qualified and authorised personnel. Onload checks can only be carried out if there are no restrictions preventing the energisation of the plant, and the other devices in the group have already been commissioned.
Page 441: On-Load Directional Test
P24xM Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions If the Local Values cell is set to Secondary, the values displayed should be equal to the applied secondary voltage. The values should be within 1% of the applied secondary voltages. However, an additional allowance must be made for the accuracy of the test equipment being used.
Page 442: Final Checks
Chapter 19 - Commissioning Instructions P24xM FINAL CHECKS Remove all test leads and temporary shorting leads. If you have had to disconnect any of the external wiring in order to perform the wiring verification tests, replace all wiring, fuses and links in accordance with the relevant external connection or scheme diagram. The settings applied should be carefully checked against the required application-specific settings to ensure that they are correct, and have not been mistakenly altered during testing.
Page 443: Chapter 20 Maintenance And Troubleshooting
CHAPTER 20 MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING...
Page 444 Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 445: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting CHAPTER OVERVIEW The Maintenance and Troubleshooting chapter provides details of how to maintain and troubleshoot products based on the Px4x and P40Agile platforms. Always follow the warning signs in this chapter. Failure to do so may result injury or defective equipment.
Page 446: Maintenance
Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting P24xM MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE CHECKS In view of the critical nature of the application, General Electric products should be checked at regular intervals to confirm they are operating correctly. General Electric products are designed for a life in excess of 20 years. The devices are self-supervising and so require less maintenance than earlier designs of protection devices.
Page 447: Replacing The Unit
P24xM Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting REPLACING THE UNIT If your product should develop a fault while in service, depending on the nature of the fault, the watchdog contacts will change state and an alarm condition will be flagged. In the case of a fault, you should normally replace the cradle which slides easily out of the case.
Page 448: Troubleshooting
Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting P24xM TROUBLESHOOTING SELF-DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE The device includes several self-monitoring functions to check the operation of its hardware and software while in service. If there is a problem with the hardware or software, it should be able to detect and report the problem, and attempt to resolve the problem by performing a reboot.
Page 449: Out Of Service Led On At Power-Up
P24xM Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting Test Check Action Programmable scheme logic error due to excessive execution time. If the IED powers up successfully, check the programmable logic for The IED resets when the power-up is complete. A record feedback paths.
Page 450: Mal-Operation During Testing
Chapter 20 - Maintenance and Troubleshooting P24xM MAL-OPERATION DURING TESTING 3.6.1 FAILURE OF OUTPUT CONTACTS An apparent failure of the relay output contacts can be caused by the configuration. Perform the following tests to identify the real cause of the failure. The self-tests verify that the coils of the output relay contacts have been energized.
Page 451: Diagram Reconstruction
Please follow these steps to return an Automation product to us: Get the Repair and Modification Return Authorization (RMA) form An electronic version of the RMA form is available from the following: contact.centre@ge.com Fill in the RMA form Fill in only the white part of the form.
Page 452 Send the RMA form to your local contact For a list of local service contacts worldwide, email us at: contact.centre@ge.com The local service contact provides the shipping information Your local service contact provides you with all the information needed to ship the product: Pricing details ○...
Page 453: Chapter 21 Technical Specifications
CHAPTER 21 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS...
Page 454 Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 455: Chapter Overview
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter describes the technical specifications of the product. This chapter contains the following sections: Chapter Overview Interfaces Performance of Current Protection Functions Performance of Voltage Protection Functions Performance of Frequency Protection Functions Power Protection Functions Performance of Monitoring and Control Functions Measurements and Recording...
Page 456: Interfaces
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM INTERFACES FRONT USB PORT Front USB port For local connection to laptop for configuration purposes and firmware downloads Connector USB type B Isolation Isolation to ELV level Constraints Maximum cable length 5 m REAR SERIAL PORT 1 Rear serial port 1 (RP1) For SCADA communications (multi-drop) Standard...
Page 457: Rear Ethernet Port Copper
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications REAR ETHERNET PORT COPPER Rear Ethernet port using CAT 5/6/7 wiring Main Use Substation Ethernet communications Communication protocol 10BaseT/100BaseTX Connector RJ45 Cable type Screened twisted pair (STP) Isolation 1 kV Supported Protocols IEC 61850, DNP3.0 OE Constraints Maximum cable length 100 m REAR ETHERNET PORT - FIBRE...
Page 458: Performance Of Current Protection Functions
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM PERFORMANCE OF CURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTIONS THREE-PHASE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION IDMT pick-up 1.05 x Setting +/-5% DT Pick-up Setting +/- 5% Drop-off (IDMT and DT) 0.95 x setting +/- 5% +/- 5% or 60 ms, whichever is greater (1.05 – <2) Is IDMT operation (for IEC and UK curves) +/- 5% or 40 ms, whichever is greater (2 –...
Page 459: Earth Fault Directional Parameters
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications Measured and Derived DT Pick-up Setting +/- 5% Drop-off (IDMT and DT) for IN1 0.95 x Setting +/-5% Drop-off (IDMT and DT) for IN2 0.9 x Setting +/-5% +/- 5% or 60 ms, whichever is greater (1.05 – 2) Is IDMT operate +/- 5% or 40 ms, whichever is greater (2 –...
Page 460: Sef Directional Parameters
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM 3.3.1 SEF DIRECTIONAL PARAMETERS Wattmetric SEF accuracy Pick-up for P = 0 W ISEF > +/-5% or 5 mA Pick-up for P > 0 W P > +/-5% Drop-off for P = 0 W 0.95 x ISEF>...
Page 461: Npsoc Directional Parameters
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications Disengagement < 40 ms +/- 2% or 70 ms, whichever is greater (1.05 – <2) Is DT operate +/- 2% or 50 ms, whichever is greater (2 – 20) Is DT Reset Setting +/- 5% 3.5.1 NPSOC DIRECTIONAL PARAMETERS Directional boundary pick-up (RCA +/-90%)
Page 462: Cold Load Pickup Protection
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM 3.10 COLD LOAD PICKUP PROTECTION I> Pick-up Setting +/- 1.5% IN> Pick-up Setting +/- 1.5% I> Drop-off 0.95 x Setting +/- 1.5% IN> Drop-off 0.95 x Setting +/- 1.5% DT operate +/- 0.5% or 50 ms, whichever is greater Repeatability +/- 1% P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 463: Performance Of Voltage Protection Functions
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications PERFORMANCE OF VOLTAGE PROTECTION FUNCTIONS UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION Pick-up (IDMT and DT) Setting +/- 5% Drop-off (IDMT and DT) 1.02 x Setting +/-5% +/- 3.5% or 40 ms, whichever is greater (<10 V) IDMT operate +/- 5% or 40 ms, whichever is greater (>10 V) Disnegagement <40 ms...
Page 464: Rate Of Change Of Voltage Protection
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM Accuracy +/- 5% or 70 ms, whichever is greater (<45 Hz) DT operate (normal operation) +/- 2% or 65 ms, whichever is greater (45 Hz - 70 Hz) +/- 5% or 50 ms, whichever is greater (<45 Hz) DT operate (accelerated) +/- 2% or 45 ms, whichever is greater (45 Hz - 70 Hz) Repeatability...
Page 465: Performance Of Frequency Protection Functions
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications PERFORMANCE OF FREQUENCY PROTECTION FUNCTIONS OVERFREQUENCY PROTECTION Accuracy Pick-up Setting +/- 10 mHz Drop-off Setting -20 mHz +/- 10 mHz Operating timer +/- 2% or 50 ms, whichever is greater Operating and Reset time Operating time (Fs/Ff ratio less than 2) <125 ms Operating time (Fs/Ff ratio between 2 and 30)
Page 466: Independent Rate Of Change Of Frequency Protection
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM Accuracy Drop-off (f, underfrequency) (Setting + 20 mHz) +/- 10 mHz Drop-off (f, overfrequency) (Setting - 20 mHz) +/- 10 mHz Drop-off (df/dt, falling, for settings between 10 mHz/s and (Setting + 5 mHz/s) +/- 10 mHz/s 100 mHz/s) (Setting + 50 mHz/s) +/- 5% or +/- 55 mHz/s, whichever is Drop-off (df/dt, falling, for settings greater than 100 mHz/s)
Page 467: Load Restoration
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications Operating time Operating time (Freq. Av Cycles setting = 0) <125 ms Reference conditions: To maintain accuracy, the minimum time delay setting should be: Dt> 0.375 x Df + 0.23 (f0r Df setting <1 Hz) Dt>...
Page 468: Power Protection Functions
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM POWER PROTECTION FUNCTIONS REVERSE POWER PROTECTION Pick-up Setting +/- 10% Reverse power drop-off 0.95 x Setting +/- 10% Angle variation pick-up +/- 2° Angle variation drop-off +/- 2.5° Operating time +/- 2% or 50 ms, whichever is greater Repeatability <...
Page 469: Performance Of Monitoring And Control Functions
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications PERFORMANCE OF MONITORING AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION Fast block operation < 25 ms Fast block reset < 40 ms Time delay +/- 2% or 40 ms, whichever is greater CURRENT TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION IN>...
Page 470 Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM Disengagement Time < 250 ms Note: * Tested at 21°C P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 471: Measurements And Recording
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications MEASUREMENTS AND RECORDING GENERAL General Measurement Accuracy at 20° C General measurement accuracy Typically +/- 1%, but +/- 0.5% between 0.2 - 2 In/Vn 0.05 to 4 In +/- 0.5% of reading (1A input) Current magnitude 0.05 to 4 In +/- 1.0% of reading (5A input) Voltage magnitude...
Page 472: Disturbance Records
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM DISTURBANCE RECORDS Disturbance Records Measurement Accuracy Minimum record duration 0.1 s Maximum record duration 10.5 s Minimum number of records at 10.5 seconds Magnitude and relative phases accuracy ±5% of applied quantities Duration accuracy ±2% Trigger position accuracy ±2% (minimum Trigger 100 ms)
Page 473: Regulatory Compliance
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications REGULATORY COMPLIANCE Compliance with the European Commission Directive on EMC and LVD is demonstrated using a technical file. EMC COMPLIANCE: 2014/30/EU The product specific Declaration of Conformity (DoC) lists the relevant harmonised standard(s) or conformity assessment used to demonstrate compliance with the EMC directive.
Page 474 Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM 'II' Equipment Group: Industrial. '(2)G' High protection equipment category, for control of equipment in gas atmospheres in Zone 1 and 2. This equipment (with parentheses marking around the zone number) is not itself suitable for operation within a potentially explosive atmosphere.
Page 475: Mechanical Specifications
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS 10.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS Physical Measurements 20TE Case Types 30TE 40TE Weight (20TE case) 2 kg – 3 kg (depending on chosen options) Weight (30TE case) 3 kg – 4 kg (depending on chosen options) Weight (40TE case) 5.5 kg Dimensions in mm (w x h x l) (20TE case)
Page 476: Ratings
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM RATINGS 11.1 AC MEASURING INPUTS AC Measuring Inputs Nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz (settable) Operating range 40 Hz to 70 Hz Phase rotation ABC or CBA 11.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER INPUTS AC Current Nominal current (In) 1A and 5A dual rated* Nominal burden per phase...
Page 477: Power Supply
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications POWER SUPPLY 12.1 AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE 24-250 V DC +/-20% Nominal operating range 110-240 V AC -20% + 10% Maximum operating range 19 to 300 V DC Frequency range for AC supply 45 – 65 Hz Ripple <15% for a DC supply (compliant with IEC 60255-11:2008) 12.2...
Page 478: Input / Output Connections
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM INPUT / OUTPUT CONNECTIONS 13.1 ISOLATED DIGITAL INPUTS Opto-isolated digital inputs (opto-inputs) Compliance ESI 48-4 Rated nominal voltage 24 to 250 V dc Operating range 19 to 265 V dc Withstand 300 V dc Recognition time with half-cycle ac <...
Page 479: Watchdog Contacts
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications Make, carry and break ac inductive 10 A for 1.5 s, 10000 operations (subject to the above limits) Loaded contact 10000 operations min. Unloaded contact 100000 operations min. Operate time < 5 ms Reset time <...
Page 480: Environmental Conditions
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 14.1 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE Compliance IEC 60255-27: 2005 Test Method IEC 60068-2-1:2007 and IEC 60068-2-2 2007 Operating temperature range -25°C to +55°C (continuous) Storage and transit temperature range -25°C to +70°C (continuous) 14.2 TEMPERATURE ENDURANCE TEST Temperature Endurance Test...
Page 481: Type Tests
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications TYPE TESTS 15.1 INSULATION Compliance IEC 60255-27: 2005 Insulation resistance > 100 M ohm at 500 V DC (Using only electronic/brushless insulation tester) 15.2 CREEPAGE DISTANCES AND CLEARANCES Compliance IEC 60255-27: 2005 Pollution degree Overvoltage category Impulse test voltage (not RJ45) 5 kV...
Page 482 Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM Note: Exceptions are communications ports and normally-open output contacts, where applicable. P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 483: Electromagnetic Compatibility
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 16.1 1 MHZ BURST HIGH FREQUENCY DISTURBANCE TEST Compliance IEC 60255-22-1: 2008, Class III, IEC 60255-26:2013 Common-mode test voltage (level 3) 2.5 kV Differential test voltage (level 3) 1.0 kV 16.2 DAMPED OSCILLATORY TEST EN61000-4-18: 2011: Level 3, 100 kHz and 1 MHz.
Page 484: Surge Immunity Test
Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM 16.6 SURGE IMMUNITY TEST Compliance IEC 61000-4-5: 2005 Level 4, IEC 60255-26:2013 Pulse duration Time to half-value: 1.2/50 µs Between all groups and protective earth conductor terminal Amplitude 4 kV Between terminals of each group (excluding communications ports, Amplitude 2 kV where applicable) 16.7...
Page 485: Magnetic Field Immunity
P24xM Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications Test disturbance voltage 10 V rms Test using AM 1 kHz @ 80% Spot tests 27 MHz and 68 MHz 16.11 MAGNETIC FIELD IMMUNITY IEC 61000-4-8: 2009 Level 5 Compliance IEC 61000-4-9/10: 2001 Level 5 IEC 61000-4-8 test 100 A/m applied continuously, 1000 A/m applied for 3 s IEC 61000-4-9 test...
Page 486 Chapter 21 - Technical Specifications P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 487: Appendix A Ordering Options
APPENDIX A ORDERING OPTIONS...
Page 488 Appendix A - Ordering Options P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 489 P24xM Appendix A - Ordering Options Variants Order Number 1 - 4 9 10 11 12-13 14 15 Model Type Motor Protection IED - Directional P24D Application Motor Small Generator Load / Line Management Current transformer Standard Earth CT SEF CT Hardware Options EIA RS485/IRIG-B (demodulated) 20TE/30TE...
Page 490 Appendix A - Ordering Options P24xM Variants Order Number 1 - 4 9 10 11 12-13 14 15 Model Type Motor Protection IED - Non-directional P24N Application Motor Small Generator Load / Line Management Current transformer Standard Earth CT SEF CT Hardware Options EIA RS485/IRIG-B (demodulated) 20TE/30TE...
Page 491: Appendix B Settings And Signals
APPENDIX B SETTINGS AND SIGNALS...
Page 492 Appendix B - Settings and Signals P24xM Tables, containing a full list of settings, measurement data and DDB signals for each product model, are provided in a separate interactive PDF file attached as an embedded resource. Tables are organized into a simple menu system allowing selection by language (where available), model and table type, and may be viewed and/or printed using an up-to-date version of Adobe Reader.
Page 493 APPENDIX C WIRING DIAGRAMS...
Page 494 Appendix C - Wiring Diagrams P24xM P24xM-TM-EN-2.1...
Page 495 P24xM Appendix C – Wiring Diagrams CORTEC DRAWING- EXTERNAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM TITLE OPTION* SHEET IO option A MOTOR PROTECTION WITH VOLTAGE & PHASE CURRENT INPUTS AND E/F (8 I/P & 8 O/P) 10P24D01-1 IO option A MOTOR PROTECTION WITH VOLTAGE & PHASE CURRENT INPUTS AND SEF (8 I/P & 8 O/P) 10P24D02-1 MOTOR PROTECTION WITH VOLTAGE &...
Page 496 Appendix C – Wiring Diagrams P24xM CORTEC DRAWING- EXTERNAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM TITLE OPTION* SHEET IO option A MOTOR PROTECTION WITH PHASE CURRENT INPUTS AND E/F (8 I/P & 8 O/P) 10P24N01-1 IO option A MOTOR PROTECTION WITH PHASE CURRENT INPUTS AND SEF (8 I/P & 8 O/P) 10P24N02-1 MOTOR PROTECTION WITH PHASE CURRENT INPUTS AND E/F (8 I/P &...
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GE P24DM Technical Manual

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Safety Information

Chapter 3 Hardware Design

Chapter 4 Software Design

Chapter 5 Configuration

Chapter 6 Current Protection Functions

Chapter 7 Restricted Earth Fault Protection

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